Demography and Consumption Structure in Germany
Harald Lehmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2004
Abstract
The impacts of demographic changes on the consumption structure of private households are of high overall economic relevance. The qualitative composition of consumption entails to a high degree a certain branch structure and hence influences labor demand. The underlying projection shows that aging and shrinking of the german population have only minor effects on the consumption structure other than changes in income growth and distribution. Above all the expenditures for health will double but from a relative low level.
Read article
Considerable demand for research on evaluation of labor market policy measures: The example of pick up effects with respect to structural adjustment measures for East German enterprises
Hilmar Schneider, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2001
Abstract
Obwohl beträchtliche Mittel in die aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik fließen, fehlt es bislang an einer systematischen Evaluierung der arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumente. Dies liegt primär an der Unzugänglichkeit geeigneter Daten. Am Beispiel der Mitnahmeeffekte bei Strukturanpassungsmaßnahmen für ostdeutsche Wirtschaftsunternehmen werden exemplarisch die Probleme aufgezeigt, die aus der prekären Datenlage entstehen.
Read article
Labor Market Analysis and Public Policy: The Case of Morocco
Guillermo Hakim, Julia Lane, Javier Miranda
World Bank Economic Review,
No. 3,
1999
Abstract
This article uses detailed industry and household data to understand why Morocco's labor market performed poorly in 1985–95. The data indicate that marked structural changes and weak demand in the product market were responsible. This article makes two contributions to the literature. The first is specific: it underscores that the demand for labor is a derived demand and that the performance of the product market is an important determinant of the performance of the labor market. The second is more general: it demonstrates that this kind of microeconomic analysis, using data sets that are often available in developing countries, can inform policy design.
Read article
Innovative Milieux: Advanced Posts of Interpenetration between the Economic System and the Science System
Peter Franz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 71,
1998
Abstract
A growing number of governments, political parties, and enterprises set the theme „innovation“ on their agenda and join in the global race to more competitive national economies. In this race the concept of the „innovative milieu“ serves as an important point of orientation and as a political target that, on the first glance, seems to be transferable in concrete political measures. A basic feature of innovative milieux is the quick and easy transfer of knowledge to products in demand. This speed-up in the diffusion of knowledge is not only interesting with respect to the economic advantages but also with respect to science. It is the basic thesis of this paper that innovative milieux represent special cases where the economic system and the science system interpenetrate in an extreme way. Empirical findings show that the actors of innovative milieux have a strong cultural proximity to basic attitudes and behavior within the science system. This relates to the institutionalization of trial and error, the reinforcement of exploratory behavior, the flow of information, and to a special mixture of cooperation and competition. An essential feature of innovative milieux derives from the network relations of its actors. These relations have to be balanced a) to the need to create trust and reduce uncertainty, and b) to the need to stay permeable enough for linkages with new actors from outside. With regard to time innovative milieux have to be conceived from an evolutionary perspective. This involves several steps: Development of prerequisites, consolidation, attraction of labor and enterprises from other regions. From the evolutionary perspective, too, possible factors of preventing or accelerating the „entropic death“ (Camagni 1991) of innovative milieux can be discussed. The exceptional character of innovative milieux has consequences for innovation-oriented political strategies. The self-enforcing dynamics of innovative milieux create a tendency to more economic inequality between regions (core-periphery differences). This is contradictory to political strategies in which innovation-oriented policy is applied to reach an offset between prospering and impoverished regions. In many cases a strategy starting from the assumption of an enduring non-innovative milieu seems to be more realistic and more promising. Further on, the new more direct links between enterprises and research institutes question the current shape of technology transfer institutions. Finally the potential effects of the new trend to encourage the entrepreneurship of research staff on the science system are discussed.
Read article