Measuring EMU potential output using a multivariate Beveridge-Nelson-Decomposition
Christian Schumacher
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 98,
1999
Abstract
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Innovative Milieux: Advanced Posts of Interpenetration between the Economic System and the Science System
Peter Franz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 71,
1998
Abstract
A growing number of governments, political parties, and enterprises set the theme „innovation“ on their agenda and join in the global race to more competitive national economies. In this race the concept of the „innovative milieu“ serves as an important point of orientation and as a political target that, on the first glance, seems to be transferable in concrete political measures. A basic feature of innovative milieux is the quick and easy transfer of knowledge to products in demand. This speed-up in the diffusion of knowledge is not only interesting with respect to the economic advantages but also with respect to science. It is the basic thesis of this paper that innovative milieux represent special cases where the economic system and the science system interpenetrate in an extreme way. Empirical findings show that the actors of innovative milieux have a strong cultural proximity to basic attitudes and behavior within the science system. This relates to the institutionalization of trial and error, the reinforcement of exploratory behavior, the flow of information, and to a special mixture of cooperation and competition. An essential feature of innovative milieux derives from the network relations of its actors. These relations have to be balanced a) to the need to create trust and reduce uncertainty, and b) to the need to stay permeable enough for linkages with new actors from outside. With regard to time innovative milieux have to be conceived from an evolutionary perspective. This involves several steps: Development of prerequisites, consolidation, attraction of labor and enterprises from other regions. From the evolutionary perspective, too, possible factors of preventing or accelerating the „entropic death“ (Camagni 1991) of innovative milieux can be discussed. The exceptional character of innovative milieux has consequences for innovation-oriented political strategies. The self-enforcing dynamics of innovative milieux create a tendency to more economic inequality between regions (core-periphery differences). This is contradictory to political strategies in which innovation-oriented policy is applied to reach an offset between prospering and impoverished regions. In many cases a strategy starting from the assumption of an enduring non-innovative milieu seems to be more realistic and more promising. Further on, the new more direct links between enterprises and research institutes question the current shape of technology transfer institutions. Finally the potential effects of the new trend to encourage the entrepreneurship of research staff on the science system are discussed.
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The Effect of Expected Effective Corporate Tax Rates on Incremental Financing Decisions
Reint E. Gropp
IMF Staff Papers,
No. 4,
1997
Abstract
This paper uses U.S. panel data to estimate the effect of expected effective corporate tax rates on the amount of debt issued by firms. The paper directly estimates expected corporate tax rates using rational expectations. The estimated measures of expected effective tax rates of firms are related to a continuous measure of incremental debt financing. The paper finds that expected effective tax rates are significantly and positively related to a higher level of debt financing. Simulations suggest that debt issues would double if firms were unable to shield profits and actually faced the statutory tax rate.
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Cost comparison of job creating measures – Unemployment from the perspective of public authorities
Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
1997
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, welche Mehrkosten bei der Durchführung von ABM im Vergleich zur Arbeitslosigkeit auftreten.
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Do promotion incentives contradict qualification objectives of employment creating measures?
Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
1997
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, welche Auswirkungen die Förderkonditionen auf die Arbeitsintensität in den AB-Maßnahmen haben.
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System adequate financing of employment creating measures (ABM) in the social sector - A commentary
Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
1997
Abstract
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Concealed unemployment in West- and East Germany: The importance of hidden manpower reserves
Lioba Trabert
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
1997
Abstract
In Ost- und Westdeutschland kann noch immer nicht von einem einheitlichen Arbeitsmarkt gesprochen werden. Ein Vergleich der beiden Teilarbeitsmärkte allein auf Basis der Arbeitslosenquote gibt daher nur ein unvollständiges Bild wieder. Neben der offenen gibt es einen quantitativ bedeutsamen Umfang verdeckter Arbeitslosigkeit in Form arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen sowie der Stillen Reserve. Die Stille Reserve umfaßt alle Personen, die eine Beschäftigung suchen, aber in der amtlichen Arbeitsmarktstatistik nicht registriert sind. Während in Ostdeutschland der Aufbau einer Stillen Reserve bisher kaum stattgefunden hat, arbeitsmarktpolitische Programme hingegen eine vorherrschende Position einnehmen, ist es in Westdeutschland eher umgekehrt. Hier erreicht die Stille Reserve – je nach Abgrenzung –ein Volumen von rund 600.000 bis 2,2 Millionen Personen. Auch wenn die Stille Reserve ihrem Ausmaß nach und hinsichtlich der Wiederbeschäftigungschancen nicht die gleiche Bedeutung wie die offene Arbeitslosigkeit erlangt, stellt sie – wie auch der Umfang arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen – ein wichtiges Element zur Quantifizierung des Arbeitsmarktungleichgewichts dar. Allzuoft wird in wirtschafts- und beschäftigungspolitischen Fragestellungen vernachlässigt, daß die verdeckte Arbeitslosigkeit ein zusätzliches Arbeitsangebotspotential darstellt und deswegen ein Zuwachs an Beschäftigung nicht zwangsläufig mit der Reduzierung der offenen Arbeitslosigkeit verbunden ist.
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ABM (employment creating measures) programs for East Germany - A commentary
Hilmar Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
1996
Abstract
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A First Gross Measure of Unexploited Single Market Integration Potential
Ulrich Blum, Marc Gaudry,
Europe’s Challenges,
1996
Abstract
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