28.09.2017 • 35/2017
Joint Economic Forecast—Autumn 2017: Upturn Remains Robust—Amid Mounting Tensions
The German economic upturn has gained both in terms of strength and breadth. In addition to consumer spending, external trade and investments are now also contributing to economic expansion. These are the conclusions drawn by the economic research institutes in their autumn report for the German federal government. Whereas the very high economic momentum in the first half of the current year will slow slightly, expansion of economic output this year and next will exceed production capacity growth. As a result, overall capacity utilization will increase, with economic output exceeding potential output. Gross Domestic Product is likely to grow by 1.9 percent this year and by 2 percent in 2018 (calendar-adjusted: 2.2 and 2.1 percent, respectively).
Oliver Holtemöller
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26.09.2017 • 34/2017
Meaningless Work Threatens Employees’ Job Performance
Employees show a significant decline in exerted effort when they are informed about the futility of a task already done. As the results of an experiment conducted by Sabrina Jeworrek from the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) and co-authors show, meaningless work causes anger and disappointment, and can negatively affect employees' later motivation. However, employees seem to “forgive” their employer for cancelling a project if another and still valid purpose is credibly communicated.
Sabrina Jeworrek
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TV and Entrepreneurship
Viktor Slavtchev, Michael Wyrwich
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 17,
2017
Abstract
We empirically analyse whether television (TV) can influence entrepreneurial identity and incidence. To identify causal effects, we utilise a quasi-natural experiment setting. During the division of Germany after WWII into West Germany with a free-market economy and the socialistic East Germany with centrally-planned economy, some East German regions had access to West German public TV that – differently from the East German TV – transmitted images, values, attitudes and view of life compatible with the free-market economy principles and supportive of entrepreneurship. We show that during the 40 years of socialistic regime in East Germany entrepreneurship was highly regulated and virtually impossible and that the prevalent formal and informal institutions broke the traditional ties linking entrepreneurship to the characteristics of individuals so that there were hardly any differences in the levels and development of entrepreneurship between East German regions with and without West German TV signal. Using both, regional and individual level data, we show then that, for the period after the Unification in 1990 which made starting an own business in East Germany, possible again, entrepreneurship incidence is higher among the residents of East German regions that had access to West German public TV, indicating that TV can, while transmitting specific images, values, attitudes and view of life, directly impact on the entrepreneurial mindset of individuals. Moreover, we find that young individuals born after 1980 in East German households that had access to West German TV are also more entrepreneurial. These findings point to second-order effects due to inter-personal and inter-generational transmission, a mechanism that can cause persistent differences in the entrepreneurship incidence across (geographically defined) population groups.
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Skills, Earnings, and Employment: Exploring Causality in the Estimation of Returns to Skills
Franziska Hampf, Simon Wiederhold, Ludger Woessmann
Large-scale Assessments in Education,
No. 12,
2017
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that a person’s human capital is important for success on the labor market in terms of both wages and employment prospects. However, unlike the efforts to identify the impact of school attainment on labor-market outcomes, the literature on returns to cognitive skills has not yet provided convincing evidence that the estimated returns can be causally interpreted. Using the PIAAC Survey of Adult Skills, this paper explores several approaches that aim to address potential threats to causal identification of returns to skills, in terms of both higher wages and better employment chances. We address measurement error by exploiting the fact that PIAAC measures skills in several domains. Furthermore, we estimate instrumental-variable models that use skill variation stemming from school attainment and parental education to circumvent reverse causation. Results show a strikingly similar pattern across the diverse set of countries in our sample. In fact, the instrumental-variable estimates are consistently larger than those found in standard least-squares estimations. The same is true in two “natural experiments,” one of which exploits variation in skills from changes in compulsory-schooling laws across U.S. states. The other one identifies technologically induced variation in broadband Internet availability that gives rise to variation in ICT skills across German municipalities. Together, the results suggest that least-squares estimates may provide a lower bound of the true returns to skills in the labor market.
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27.01.2017 • 10/2017
IWH-Industrieumfrage zum Jahresauftakt 2017: Ostdeutsche Hersteller gehen nach Aufschwung im Jahr 2016 von weiterhin günstigen Geschäftsaussichten aus
Die vom IWH befragten rund 300 Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes Ostdeutschlands gehen nach einem erfolgreichen Geschäftsjahr 2016 zuversichtlich in das neue Jahr. Die Umsätze stiegen im Jahr 2016 meist stärker als vor einem Jahr von ihnen erwartet. Bei den Konsumgüterherstellern war die Umsatzentwicklung besonders erfreulich. In allen Sparten war die Industriekonjunktur mit viel Schwung in das Jahr 2016 gestartet und bremste erst im späteren Verlauf des Jahres etwas ab. Mit Blick auf das Jahr 2017 zeigt sich die überwiegende Mehrheit der befragten Unternehmen aber wieder optimistisch. Die Ertragslage konnte sich im Jahr 2016 im Vergleich zum Vorjahr zwar nicht weiter verbessern, jedoch schafften es mehr Unternehmen, aus der Verlustzone zu kommen. Die Exportunternehmen, die in den Jahren zuvor eine besonders gute Performance gezeigt hatten, konnten diesmal nicht durchweg überdurchschnittlichen glänzen. Das soll im Jahr 2017 wieder aufgeholt werden, wie Umsatz- und Beschäftigungspläne zeigen. Insbesondere die größeren ostdeutschen Industrieunternehmen planen häufig, ihren Personal-bestand zu erhöhen.
Birgit Schultz
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22.09.2016 • 39/2016
Strong Financial Literacy could Lead to More Self-employment
The probability that a person is self-employed also depends on how much financial literacy they have. A new study by the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) – Member of the Leibniz Association recently confirmed this correlation.
Walter Hyll
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09.09.2016 • 38/2016
The Perception of Financial Inferiority Nurtures Negative Attitudes Towards Foreigners
When people feel that their own economic status is inferior to the economic status of a relevant peer group, it becomes more likely that they develop negative attitudes towards foreigners. This link was found in a new study of the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) – Member of the Leibniz Association. The effect is particularly strong with respect to foreigners from low-wage countries.
Walter Hyll
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02.09.2016 • 35/2016
The German Economy: Still Robust Despite Sliding Sentiment
The prospects for the German economy are still quite favorable. While sentiment indicators suggest that growth will slow at the end of the year, domestic demand will continue on an upward trend. The German GDP should increase by 1.9% in 2016. For 2017 we expect a lower growth rate of 1.2%“Weaker export volumes and higher growth of imports are the relevant factors for the slowdown”, says Prof Oliver Holtemöller, IWH Vice president. Unemployment will rise a bit as more refugees enter the labor market. Consumer price inflation remains moderate. The general government balance (cyclically ad¬justed as well as unadjusted) will be in surplus in both 2016 and 2017.
Oliver Holtemöller
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09.06.2016 • 22/2016
The German Economy Benefits from Strong Domestic Demand
In 2016, the moderate upswing of the German economy continues. Incomes grow due to the steady expansion in employment, and the fall in energy prices has propped up the purchasing power of private households. As a consequence, private consumption expands healthily; investment in housing is additionally stimulated by very low interest rates. Exports, however, expand only moderately, as the world economy is rather weak. All in all, the IWH forecasts the German GDP to expand by 1.8% in this year and by 1.6% in 2017.
Oliver Holtemöller
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04.02.2016 • 5/2016
IWH-Industrieumfrage zum Jahresauftakt 2016: Hoffnung auf nachhaltigen Aufschwung
Die vom IWH befragten rund 300 Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes Ostdeutschlands gehen zuversichtlich ins Geschäftsjahr 2016. Die Erwartungen an den Umsatz überflügeln die abgerechne-ten Werte von 2015. Allerdings konnten im Jahr 2015 die angepeilten Umsatzziele oftmals nicht erreicht werden. Die Industriekonjunktur kam erst ab dem Sommer richtig in Schwung. Im Vorleistungsgütergewerbe, der in Ostdeutschland dominierenden Sparte, verzögerte sich dies bis ins Schlussquartal, und selbst dann wurde das Vorjahresniveau der Geschäftsaktivitäten nicht erreicht. Die Ertragslage im Jahr 2015 glich der des Vorjahres. Reichlich zwei Drittel der Unternehmen erreichten die Gewinnzone, unter den Konsumgüterherstellern sogar 82%. Diese Sparte rechnete auch über dem Gesamtdurchschnitt liegende Umsätze ab.
Die positiven Erwartungen an das Jahr 2016 zeigen sich auch in den Beschäftigungsplänen. Knapp ein Drittel der Unternehmen will Personal einstellen. 55% gehen davon aus, dass sie ihren Personalbestand halten werden, und nur 17% erwarten einen Beschäftigungsabbau. Die Umsatz- und Beschäftigungspläne der Exportunternehmen sind leicht überdurchschnittlich.
Udo Ludwig
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