Reform of IMF Lending Facilities Increases Stability in Emerging Market Economies
J. John, Tobias Knedlik
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Following the current international financial and economic crisis the IMF reformed its lending facilities. Two new instruments are of particular importance: the Flexible Credit Line (FCL) and the High Access Precautionary Arrangements (HAPA). The major innovation of the new facilities is that the traditional ex-post conditionality is replaced by an ex-ante qualification process. An ex-ante qualification process leads to a short-term availability of funds during the emergence of crises and avoids long negotiation processes during a crisis. Additionally, the FCL is high powered, amounting to 900 to 1000% of the quota. It can therefore be expected that the programs have preventive effects. In difference to previous attempts to implement precautionary credit lines, the FCL and HAPA successfully created demand. First empirical observations show, that a stigmatization, which could have been expected from experience, did not take place. Countries who qualified for the FCL did rather well during the current crisis and did not face shrinking confidence due to expected crises. To be more efficient, the new lending facilities should be complemented be an international regulatory framework, which limits moral-hazard-induced higher risk taking. Additionally more members should be encouraged to demand the new instruments to increase its systemic importance.
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International Climate Policy after Kyoto – Economic Challenges Ahead
Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2009
Abstract
The signs are increasing that the gain in greenhouse gas emissions since the beginning of the 20th century causes the average global temperature to rise. Limiting the temperature rise to 2°C should at least avoid the worst consequences of global warming. This would require the greenhouse gas emissions to reach their maximum value by no later than 2015 and to be dramatically reduced worldwide from that time until 2050. From the economic perspective, there are a number of important questions: In the first place, how can the initial situation be described in economic categories? Therefore, the emissions should first of all be identified by region and sector and thereupon, the adjustment possibilities are to be outlined. Which costs and which revenues are associated with climate policy? The bandwidth of the estimated damage is between 5% and 20% of global gross domestic product (GDP) annually in the case of unmitigated climate change. These estimates are compared to around 1% of global GDP, which would be spent to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. How are the global targets to be distributed regionally and sectorally, and which economic instruments are recommended for this purpose? Obviously, tradable permits are preferred. Here, the initial assignment and the nature of the allocation on the one hand and the tradability on the other play a prominent role. What politico-economic conflicts arise and what recommendations can economists give to solve these conflicts goal-oriented? Finally, what is to recommend in terms of political economy in order to remain credible in particular in the sense of an international climate agreement?
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East German Labour Market
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2009
Abstract
In the course of 2009, due to the great decline of production activities, the situation in the East German labor market deteriorated. The number of employees decreased and the registered unemployment rose slowly in the first half of this year. In this situation, reducing working time by extending short-time work turned out to be a very useful instrument. Besides, labour market policy measures were expended. Furthermore, labour supply, like in recent years, decreased. In 2010, the situation on the East German labour market will worsen due to low production growth.
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New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa – Institutional and Local Perspectives. African Development Perspectives Yearbook, Vol. 14
Tobias Knedlik, Karl Wohlmuth, Philippe Burger, Achim Gutowski, Mareike Meyn, T. (eds) Urban, Afeikhena Jerome
,
2009
Abstract
The Volume XIV analyses the “New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa“. Institutional issues and perspectives in designing new growth and poverty alleviation strategies are considered in various case studies (Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Botswana and Tanzania). Other studies deal with institutional problems of resource-rich countries after conflict (Sudan) and with the institutions to enhance environmental protection parallel to economic growth and poverty reduction (Niger). Further studies deal with institutions to bridge the gap between formal and informal entrepreneurial sectors in Kenya and Tanzania. Local issues and perspectives for designing new growth and poverty alleviation strategies are considered in case studies on rural-urban development gaps in Tanzania and on microfinance as an instrument for new growth and poverty alleviation strategies (Tanzania and Eritrea). A study on small farmers in Ghana provides information on the role they can play in value chains. Two studies on Nigeria highlight the local and the sub-regional health and poverty alleviation programmes and the relation to growth. Book reviews and book notes on the theme are part of the volume. This volume builds the foundation for a comprehensive strategy of policy reforms in Africa so as to integrate new growth and poverty alleviation strategies. Complementary to Volume XIV is Volume XIII on “New Growth and Poverty Alleviation Strategies for Africa - Interational and Regional Perspectives“. Both volumes are of importance for all those who work in African countries as officials, executives, managers, researchers, and policy-makers, but also for all those who actively support Africa's development concerns at the international, regional, country, local, and project levels. They will experience this Volume XIV and also the complementary Volume XIII as indispensable sources of insight, reference, and inspiration.
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Energy Efficient Homes in Germany: Lower Energy Requirement in the East and the South – Results of the ista-IWH-Energy-Efficiency-Index 2007
Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2009
Abstract
At the latest since the oil crisis in the beginning of the 1970s, energy efficiency of homes became a widely discussed topic. In the past, it were in first line aspects of the scarcity of fossil energy sources that motivated the debate. Nowadays, climate protection is a main goal of the European energy policy. For this purpose, a new instrument was introduced in 2009. Europe-wide, the “Energy Performance Certificate” for buildings presents detailed information on the required energy for heating, warm water and (indirectly) the resulting costs for tenants. This instrument is designed to provide further information for consumers to influence their behavior in favor of energy efficient buildings.
Until now, there is only little information on spatial aspects of the energy efficiency of housing in Germany. This article presents data on the level of Germany’s NUTS2 regions. In our calculations, we include information on more than 2.6 million flats, interpolating it representatively for the total stock of multifamily buildings and considering the regional climate.
The results of the first ista-IWH-Energy-Efficiency-Index indicate large differences between regions. The required energy for housing is much lower in the eastern and southern parts of Germany, compared to the western or northern parts. Explanations can be seen in a different structure of the housing stock (e.g. age of construction, level of refurbishment). Moreover, first analyses of the market structure indicate that owner occupied flats are more efficient in energy requirement than rental flats. Vacancy rates, the duration of occupation of rented flats and the level of regional income play an additional role for the energy efficiency of the regional housing stock.
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Openness and Growth: The Long Shadow of the Berlin Wall
Claudia M. Buch, Farid Toubal
Journal of Macroeconomics,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
The question whether international openness causes higher domestic growth has been subject to intense discussions in the empirical growth literature. This paper addresses the issue in the context of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. We analyze whether the slow convergence in per capita incomes between East and West Germany and the lower international openness of East Germany are linked. We address the endogeneity of openness by adapting the methodology proposed by Frankel and Romer (1999) to a panel framework. We instrument openness with time-invariant exogenous geographic variables and time-varying exogenous policy variables. We also distinguish the impact of different channels of integration. Our paper has three main findings. First, geographic variables have a significant impact on regional openness. Second, controlling for geography, East German states are less integrated into international markets along all dimensions of integration considered. Third, the degree of openness for trade has a positive impact on regional income per capita.
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Investitionszuschüsse nur bei Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen? Schlussfolgerungen aus der Förderung eines Investitionsprojektes über die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe im Land Brandenburg
Mirko Titze
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik,
2009
Abstract
The Joint Task “For the Improvement of the Regional Economic Structure“ is one of the most important Instruments of the German regional policy. This instrument is applied in regions with strong structural problems and aims to reduce unemployment. The instruments institutional framework demands the creation of additional permanent posts. This paper explores that these requirements can provoke inefficient combinations of production factors. The reasons for that problem can be seen in market failures as well as political disappointments. The government of each federal state has an incentive to demand permanent posts as much as possible because public revenue can equal the government expenditures after a relative short time period due to employment and production effects. The institutional framework of the German financial equalization scheme between the federal states contributes to that problem too - the expenditures for subsidization can be balanced by perequations paid by the other federal states.
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Langfristwirkung von Technologie- und Gründerzentren – Eine empirische Untersuchung von ausgezogenen Unternehmen an ausgewählten Standorten in den Neuen Bundesländern
Michael Schwartz
Wirtschaftspolitik in Forschung und Praxis, Bd. 47,
2009
Abstract
Technologie- und Gründerzentren (TGZ) sind das weltweit meistgenutzte Instrument zur Unterstützung junger innovativer Unternehmen. Allein in Deutschland existieren über 400 dieser Einrichtungen. Nahezu jede größere Stadt verfügt über eines dieser Zentren. Ziel der TGZ ist es, durch spezifische Förderstrukturen nachhaltiges Wachstum und das langfristige Überleben von innovativen Jungunternehmen über die Förderdauer hinaus zu sichern. Doch können TGZ diese Aufgabe tatsächlich erfüllen? Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, ist es zwingend erforderlich, die vormals geförderten, aber bereits ausgezogenen Unternehmen einer umfassenden Analyse ihrer seit dem Wegfall der Förderung vollzogenen Entwicklung zu unterziehen. Bislang allerdings haben insbesondere eingeschränkte Datenverfügbarkeiten diesbezügliche Forschungsvorhaben weitgehend unterbunden. Die entscheidende Frage “Was passiert mit den Unternehmen nach Beendigung der Förderung?“ ist bislang kaum beantwortet!
Die empirischen Analysen des Verfassers konzentrieren sich dabei auf die Überlebensprozesse, die Wachstumsdynamik sowie die Einbindung in Netzwerkstrukturen ehemaliger Förderempfänger aus fünf TGZ in den Neuen Bundesländern. Insgesamt 410 vormals geförderte Unternehmen wurden identifiziert und deren Entwicklungspfade analysiert. Aufgrund der sehr detaillierten Datenbasis war es dabei erstmalig auch möglich, bereits geschlossene Unternehmen in den Analysen zu berücksichtigen. Es werden beispielsweise folgende Fragen beantwortet: Sind die Unternehmen mehrheitlich auch außerhalb der schützenden Umgebung der TGZ lebensfähig? Bewirkt der Wegfall der Förderung eine sofortige Gefährdung der Überlebensfähigkeit? Welche Beschäftigungswirkung entfalten die Unternehmen? Zeigen sich nach dem Auszug aus den TGZ Wachstumskrisen? Welche Elemente der Förderung wirken positiv auf den Unternehmenserfolg? Ist es gelungen, die geförderten Unternehmen in Netzwerke und Wertschöpfungsketten einzubinden? Sind die ausgezogenen Unternehmen standorttreu?
Aus den reichhaltigen empirischen Ergebnissen lässt sich eine Vielzahl an Implikationen für eine effektivere Ausgestaltung des Förderspektrums der TGZ ableiten. Vor allem werden Empfehlungen an politische Entscheidungsträger und weitere Interessensgruppen, welche sich mit der Errichtung und dem Betrieb von Technologie- und Gründerzentren – nicht nur in den Neuen Bundesländern – beschäftigen, gegeben.
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Is the European Monetary Union an Endogenous Currency Area? The Example of the Labor Markets
Herbert S. Buscher, Hubert Gabrisch
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 7,
2009
Abstract
Our study tries to find out whether wage dynamics between Euro member countries became more synchronized through the adoption of the common currency. We calculate bivarate correlation coefficients of wage and wage cost dynamics and run a model of endogenously induced changes of coefficients, which are explained by other variables being also endogenous: trade intensity, sectoral specialization, financial integration. We used a panel data structure to allow for cross-section weights for country-pair observations. We use instrumental variable regressions in order to disentangle exogenous from endogenous influences. We applied these techniques to real and nominal wage dynamics and to dynamics of unit labor costs. We found evidence for persistent asymmetries in nominal wage formation despite a single currency and monetary policy, responsible for diverging unit labor costs and for emerging trade imbalances among the EMU member countries.
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Die Vermeidung von CO2 und das EEG – eine unnötig teure Lösung – ein Kommentar
Henry Dannenberg, Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2009
Abstract
In Deutschland existiert mit dem Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) ein Instrument, das auch die Senkung von CO2-Emissionen zum Zweck hat. Die Sinnhaftigkeit dieses Gesetzes wird in jüngster Zeit in der deutschen Medienlandschaft vehement in Zweifel gezogen. Es wird bemängelt, dass die Verschmutzungsrechte, die aufgrund der mit dem EEG eingesparten CO2-Emissionen frei werden, verkauft werden können. So würden die eingesparten Emissionen in gleicher Menge an anderer Stelle entstehen. Der CO2-Zertifikatehandel wurde 2005 als Instrument der europäischen Klimapolitik eingeführt. Ziel ist es, zu erreichen, dass eine von der Politik für einen bestimmten Zeitraum vorgegebene Emissionsmenge nicht überschritten wird. Der Emissionshandel wurde deshalb gewählt, da durch dieses Instrument genau dort Emissionen eingespart werden, wo die Reduktion am kosteneffizientesten ist. Durch die sukzessive Reduktion der von der Politik erlaubten CO2-Menge soll so ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz geleistet werden. Leider trifft die Kritik am EEG nicht immer den eigentlichen Kern. Es ist wenig zielführend, darüber zu streiten, ob die durch das EEG eingesparten Zertifikate in Deutschland oder in Polen verbraucht werden – das ist ein Effekt des Emissionshandels. Relevant hingegen ist die Frage, ob es effizient ist, durch das EEG CO2 einzusparen, oder ob dieselbe Menge CO2 preiswerter an anderer Stelle eingespart werden kann. Mit der Einführung des CO2-Zertifikatehandels hat die Politik aber anerkannt, dass der Markt am besten in der Lage ist, die Investitionsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren, mit denen eine gewünschte Reduktionsmenge am preiswertesten realisiert werden kann. Sobald die Politik durch Anreize diesen Allokationsmechanismus stört, mindert sie die gesamtwirtschaftliche Wohlfahrt.
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