Optimizing knowledge transfer by new employees in companies
Sidonia vonLedebur
Knowledge Management Research and Practice,
No. 4,
2007
Abstract
Companies realize innovations by creating and implementing new knowledge. One possible source of innovative ideas are new employees. Based on an existing game-theoretic model the conditions of efficient knowledge transfer in a team are analyzed. Offering knowledge to a colleague cannot be controlled directly by the company due to information asymmetries. Thus the management has to provide incentives, which motivate the employees to act in favor of the company. The aim of this paper is to show what influences the propensity of the employees to engage in knowledge transfer and how the management can design the incentive structure for optimal transfer. Several factors are relevant, especially the individual costs of participating in the transfer. These consist mainly of the existing absorptive capacity and the working atmosphere. The model is at least partly generalized on more players. The relevance of the adequate team size is shown: too few or too many developers decrease the remaining company profit. A further result is that depending on the cost structure, perfect knowledge transfer is not always best for the profit of the company.
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Market Follows Standards
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2007
Abstract
Standards are an important part of the codified knowledge of a society. In contrast to industry standards, formal standards are created in a consensus-based procedure open to all interested parties. Only if an economic interest for application exists will formal standards be produced. Interested parties have to shoulder participation costs themselves, which enforces economic interest. Up to a certain extent, governments also trigger and finance formal standardisation processes through the new approach, which creates a framework that is filled by private activity. Standards stand at the end of intellectual property rights if the totality of the value chain of knowledge production is looked at. One important aspect is their accessibility and the inclusion of all necessary intellectual property rights, especially patents, at reasonable prices. Conversely, consortia may exclude groups from the use of their standards. By preventing the licensing of those patents included in a standard, they can effectively block market entry. Thus, “successful” standards often face antitrust problems. Formal standards reduce costs of production through economies of scale, economies of scope and network-economies. Goods and processes that are standardized signal quality, the inclusion of high technological standards and permanent presence in the markets, which again accelerates market dissemination. Firms face a dilemma: On the one hand, the penetration of a markets with industry standards offers potentials for high profits; on the other hand, this has to be balanced against the risk of failure, especially if clients are hesitant because they do not know which standard will be successful in the end. Formal standards create and stabilize trust markets. This is especially true in the area of globalisation. Europe, which has to face an enormous competition in the international knowledge economy, needs an institutionally efficient approach to formal standardisation. This contribution addresses future problems of the European standardisation that have been developed within the framework of a working group of the European Standardisation Organisation called Future Landscape of European Standardisation (FLES).
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Urban Consolidation in Saxony a Thread for the Historic Districts?
Dominik Weiß
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Different lobby groups that fear a discrimination of the old and historic housing stock with its cultural value recently challenged the success of the urban renewal program „Stadtumbau Ost“. To make the discussion about it more objective, the subsidies for deconstruction and for improvement of the program are examined for the Free State of Saxony. The descriptive empirical analysis shows that the deconstruction of old houses mainly took place in cities with a higher share of old houses. Insofar, the danger of a total loss of the old housing stock may be low. Considering the allocation of the improvement subsidies, it can be shown that areas with old housing do profit relatively more, but not so often like the prefabricated socialist residential areas of the former GDR. The development of the historic housing stock, an explicit goal of the program “Stadtumbau Ost”, has been carried out in a minor degree in favour to the goal of housing market-adjustment.
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Broadband Investment and the Threat of Regulation: Preventing Monopoly Exploitation or Infrastructure Construction?
Ulrich Blum, Christian Growitsch, Niels Krap
Review of Network Economics,
2007
Abstract
Recently, investments in new generation networks in Germany have been curtailed, since potential investors required this new network be unregulated. To develop a regulator's strategy that allows investments to occur but prevents monopolistic prices, we model an investor's decision problem under a threat of regulation. We show that the mere threat of a regulator's intervention may prevent supernormal profits without actual price regulation. The regulator, on the other hand, can influence both the investment decision and the investor's price via her signals on regulation probability and price.
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Too old to change? The link between Age, Wage Differentials and Job Mobility
Lutz Schneider
Sozialer Fortschritt,
No. 56,
2007
Abstract
The reduced job mobility of older employees is well known. As a result, the ageing of the workforce has clear implications for labor turnover in Germany. On the basis of the IAB’s employee survey (Beschaeftigtenstichprobe) (IABS), this article analyses the impact of age on (inter-firm) job mobility. In particular, the study answers the following question: how do wage differentials between an actual and a potential job evolve during employees’ working lives? It is shown that changing jobs is less profitable for older workers than it is for younger ones. However, the analysis also demonstrates that the wage differential between jobs cannot explain the whole mobility advantage of younger employees.
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FDI versus exports: Evidence from German banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
We use a new bank-level dataset to study the FDI-versus-exports decision for German banks. We extend the literature on multinational firms in two directions. First, we simultaneously study FDI and the export of cross-border financial services. Second, we test recent theories on multinational firms which show the importance of firm heterogeneity [Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., Yeaple, S.R., 2004. Export versus FDI. American Economic Review 94 (1), 300–316]. Our results show that FDI and cross-border services are complements rather than substitutes. Heterogeneity of banks has a significant impact on the internationalization decision. More profitable and larger banks are more likely to expand internationally than smaller banks. They have more extensive foreign activities, and they are more likely to engage in FDI in addition to cross-border financial services.
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Zu alt für einen Wechsel? Zum Zusammenhang von Alter, Lohndifferentialen und betrieblicher Mobilität
Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 1,
2007
Abstract
Due to the well known fact of a reduced mobility of older employees the workforce aging will have strong consequences for job mobility in Germany. On the basis of the IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe (IABS) the subsequent article analyzes the impact of age on (inter-firm) job mobility. In particular the study answers the question, how wage differentials of a potential job change evolve during the working life span. It is shown, that a job change is less profitable for old than for young workers. However the analysis also demonstrates, that the wage differentials of job changes cannot explain the whole mobility advantage of younger employees.
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Local Public Utilities' Profits and Municipal Expenses in Germany: An Empirical Analysis
Peter Haug, Birger Nerré
Proceedings of the 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18), Washington DC,
2006
Abstract
German municipalities are currently struggling with growing budget deficits and other financial hardships. From a public choice point of view it seems tempting for vote-maximizing local governments to raise revenues from sources which create fiscal illusion or allow tax exports. An increasingly important revenue source of this kind are profits of local public utilities. In this paper we try to fill an empirical gap and provide data of the development of the profitability over time for selected German local public utilities. Furthermore, we develop and estimate a municipal expenditure function for a panel data set of large German cities . We found some slightly positive relationship between per capita expenses of the municipality and the disposable per capita profits of the local public utilities. This indicates that probably the German municipalities – according to our theoretical considerations – tend to burden their citizens as well as non-voters outside their boundaries with implicit taxes to satisfy their increasing financial needs.
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Mikroökonometrische Evaluation der ökonomischen Wirkungen betrieblicher Mitbestimmung - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Matching-Ansatzes
Birgit Schultz
Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik,
No. 5,
2006
Abstract
The evaluation of economic effects of workers participation is not simple from the methodical point of view because of specific characteristics of establishments with works councils. Especially recent studies show contradictory results. In this study problems are pointed out, discussed, and options for solution are presented on the example of workers participation in East German establishments of industry and construction by the IAB-Establishment Panel.
An optimal matching-algorithm which supplies good matching-results for small samples to assign 'statistical establishment-twins' is applied. But by reason of very short primarily spells it can only calculate short time effects. Therefore, the matching method is additionally used to construct longer observation periods. By this new application establishments with recently founded works councils are matched with so called 'proxy establishments' with existing works councils. As a result short observation periods are prolonged and information about long-term effects can be given.
The effects on productivity, profitability and qualification level of employees show neither in short-term nor in long-term a significant impact on workers' participation.
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Under which conditions do inland suppliers profit from foreign direct investment?
Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
Aus theoretischer Sicht ergeben sich durch die Präsenz ausländischer Unternehmen nicht nur realwirtschaftliche Effekte auf Produktion und Beschäftigung, sondern auch ein Potential für technologische Entwicklung durch Wissenstransfer zu einheimischen Unternehmen. Dieser Wissenstransfer ist abhängig von dem Grad der Verflechtung des ausländischen Unternehmens mit der einheimischen Wirtschaft. Dabei kommt der Beziehung zwischen Investor und einheimischen Zulieferunternehmen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu, denn multinationale Unternehmen haben ein strategisches Interesse, alle lokalen Effizienzvorteile auszuschöpfen. Der vorliegende Beitrag unterstellt, daß sowohl die Ausbildung von Zulieferbeziehungen als auch das Potential für Wissenstransfer zum einen von organisatorischen Faktoren im ausländischen Unternehmen und zum anderen von der lokalen Wissensbasis und der technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit abhängig sind. Dieser Zusammenhang wird an Hand eines Datensatzes von 434 Tochterunternehmen aus fünf Mittel- und Osteuropäischen Ländern getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Intensität von Zulieferbeziehungen als auch das Potential für Wissenstransfer steigt, wenn Tochterunternehmen als Joint Venture geführt werden sowie Eigenverantwortung in den Bereichen Logistik und Zulieferung besitzen. Die technologische Leistungsfähigkeit des heimischen Sektors fördert sowohl die Intensität von Zulieferbeziehungen als auch das Potential für Wissenstransfer. Zusätzlich steigert die absorptive Kapazität der einheimischen Zulieferbetriebe das Potential für Wissenstransfer. Will man verhindern, daß ausländische Investitionen auf einer „Insel“ inmitten der einheimischen Wirtschaft operieren und keine Wissenseffekte generieren, dann bietet die Förderung von Forschungs- und Entwicklungskooperationen zwischen ausländischen Investoren und lokalen Zulieferbetrieben in technologisch leistungsfähigen Sektoren ein opportunes Mittel.
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