Kalte Progression – Gefahr für die Stabilität der Schuldenbremse
Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2016
Abstract
Geringfügige Steuermehrbelastungen, die auf die kalte Progression bei der Einkommensteuer zurückzuführen sind, werden vom Steuerzahler kaum wahrgenommen und bieten dem deutschen Staat daher die Möglichkeit für schleichende Steuererhöhungen. Überschreiten die kumulierten Mehrbelastungen allerdings nach einigen Jahren eine kritische Schwelle, entsteht gewöhnlich ein politischer Druck für die Korrektur der kalten Progression. Wie im Beitrag gezeigt wird, kann die kalte Progression somit Auslöser eines Einnahmezyklus sein. Im Unterschied zu konjunkturbedingten Einnahmeschwankungen findet dieser Einnahmezyklus in den Regelungen zur Schuldenbremse keine Berücksichtigung. Ob die Regierungen eigenverantwortlich einen ausreichenden Sicherheitsabstand zur maximal zulässigen Nettokreditaufnahme einhalten, um diesen Schwankungen vorzubeugen, ist fraglich. Eine Indexierung des Steuertarifs, die eine automatische Korrektur der kalten Progression vorsieht, könnte derartige Schwankungen verhindern und für ein weniger volatiles Einkommensteueraufkommen sorgen.
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Taxation, Corruption, and Growth
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Julia Cagé, William R. Kerr
European Economic Review,
2016
Abstract
We build an endogenous growth model to analyze the relationships between taxation, corruption, and economic growth. Entrepreneurs lie at the center of the model and face disincentive effects from taxation but acquire positive benefits from public infrastructure. Political corruption governs the efficiency with which tax revenues are translated into infrastructure. The model predicts an inverted-U relationship between taxation and growth, with corruption reducing the optimal taxation level. We find evidence consistent with these predictions and the entrepreneurial channel using data from the Longitudinal Business Database of the US Census Bureau. The marginal effect of taxation for growth for a state at the 10th or 25th percentile of corruption is significantly positive; on the other hand, the marginal effects of taxation for growth for a state at the 90th percentile of corruption are much lower across the board. We make progress towards causality through Granger-style tests and by considering periphery counties where effective tax policy is largely driven by bordering states. Finally, we calibrate our model and find that the calibrated taxation rate of 37% is fairly close to the model׳s estimated welfare maximizing taxation rate of 42%. Reducing corruption provides the largest potential impact for welfare gain through its impact on the uses of tax revenues.
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East German Economy: Demand Push Stronger than Structural Deficiencies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, growth of production was surprisingly strong in Eastern Germany. The structural deficiencies there would have suggested a slower pace. In particular, linkages with national and international business cycles have been underestimated. To a large part, the reason why output grew by 3 per cent did not come from Eastern Germany itself, but from the Old Länder and from abroad. In the New Länder, the strong upward swing in investment activity stimulated the economy. However, owing to a small increase in total income of private households, their purchasing power lagged behind.
The improved ability of East German firms to absorb cyclical impulses from exports and from Germany’s general investment activity proved to be a crucial factor. In particular, the endowment of workplaces with modern production facilities as well as the continued reduction in the disadvantages with respect to cost-competitiveness in the tradable goods sector were beneficial. The labour cost advantage compared to West German competitors increased further while the disadvantage compared to those from Central and Eastern Europe decreased.
Benefiting from these factors, economic activity in Eastern Germany will grow faster than in the Old Länder as long as the upswing in Germany and abroad remains strong. In 2007 and 2008, investments – especially in equipment – and exports will be the driving forces again. For exports, the strongly expanding markets in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Russia will gain in importance. As income and employment prospects improve, private consumption will support the growth in production. Registered unemployment should decrease below the 1-million threshold.
Manufacturing will remain the primary force of the upswing; its advantages in production costs will not vanish as long as, even in presence of scarcity of skilled labour, salaries and wages do not increase more than in Western Germany. In the wake of robust economic growth, the New Länder will make further progress in catching up with respect to production and income.
Companies will regain support from the banking industry. Yet, investment capital still stems from public funding programmes to a non-negligible extent. In the medium run, access to credit will ease as a result of further improvements in the firms’ net worth position. However, dependency on internal funds remains high and exposes companies to comparatively strong cyclical risks. In an economic downturn, the structural deficiencies of the East German economy will impair economic expansion.
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Progress reports from the project "Productivity Gap"
Johannes Stephan
One-off Publications,
No. 3,
2004
Abstract
The project assesses the roles played by determinants of productivity gaps between Accession Countries in Central East Europe and the more advanced countries in Western Europe. The focus is on the respective weights of determinants and their influence on the potentials for future productivity catch-up.
The convenient feature about assessing productivity levels is that they inform us about the narrowing or divergence of income gaps, provide an indication of international competitiveness, and the sustainability of growth paths (technological development).
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Macroeconomic and corporate adjustment progress in East Germany
Forschungsreihe,
No. 5,
1999
Abstract
19. Bericht:
Der 19. Bericht beschreibt die Fortschritte und Defizite bei der strukturellen Erneuerung der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft im Zeitraum von 1990 bis 1999. Die Ergebnisse werden im Vergleich zur westdeutschen Wirtschaft bewertet. Hauptgegenstand der Untersuchungen ist das Verarbeitende Gewerbe. Ein gesonderter Schwerpunkt befasst sich mit der Veränderung der Lebensbedingungen der Bevölkerung.
Mit dem 19. Bericht werden die Untersuchungen zur Transformation der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft abgeschlossen, die das Deutsche Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW), Berlin, das Institut für Weltwirtschaft (IfW), Kiel und das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts „Gesamtwirtschaftliche und unternehmerische Anpassungsprozesse in Ostdeutschland“ des damaligen Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft von 1990 bis 1999 wissenschaftlich begleitet haben.
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