New industries in Eastern Germany - The state of the development of modern biotechnologies in Saxony-Anhalt
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2002
Abstract
East German regions are able to increase their economics and innovation potential, if they orient themselves on technologies, which release important growth effects. Such growth branch is the modern biotechnology. In this paper the development and the location factors of the biotechnology industry in Saxonia-Anhalt are analyzed and compared with the bio region Munich, which rank to among the best bio regions in Germany. The analysis shows that the development of the modern biotechnology in East German regions can be favoured, if the location factors are improved.
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Comparable types of regions in East and West Germany show disparities – East German urban agglomerations have difficulties!
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2002
Abstract
A discussion about the reform of regional policy in Germany and in the EU is ongoing. Against this background the article investigates the regional disparities between similar types of regions in East and West Germany after reunification. The findings do not only show a general East-West gap of economic welfare and of their determinants but also a visible spatial differentiation. It shows that the East German agglomerations have disadvantages in the field of interregional competition. They are worse endowed with crucial growth determinants compared with their West German counterparts, whereas the East-West differences for urbanized regions (where the population density is medium-sized) and rural regions are smaller. The disadvantages stated suggest a stronger concentration of regional policy in favour of these agglomerated spaces targeted on improving the locational attractiveness and strengthening their function as driving forces of the economic catch-up process in East Germany.
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Possible effects of demographic change - An overview
Gunter Steinmann, Olaf Fuchs, Sven Tagge
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2002
Abstract
One of the more important influences shaping the future economic conditions of the highly industrialized countries is the decline and aging of their population. The article is a comprehensive survey of the impact of this development on key economic variables and the institutions of the welfare state. While the overall consequence of the aging process on productivity growth is more likely to be negative, there are also some offsetting forces like the increase in the capital intensity. The institutions of the welfare state, which are based on intergenerational transfers, will have to be reformed, in order to bring them in line with the demographic process. The prediction of a decrease in the rate of unemployment as a consequence of a declining labor force is according to our analysis not justified.
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Progress in Rebuilding Eastern Germany - Report of the Institutes of Economic Research on the Progress in the Economic Development in Eastern Germany
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2002
Abstract
Trotz der unübersehbaren Fortschritte beim Aufbau Ost ist die wirtschaftliche Lage in Ostdeutschland unbefriedigend. Nicht nur, dass das gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstum seit einigen Jahren hinter dem in Westdeutschland zurückbleibt und die Unterbeschäftigung auf hohem Niveau verharrt, gravierender noch ist, dass die Gefahr besteht, dass Mutlosigkeit und Resignation an Gewicht gewinnen. Die Erfolge, die seit Anfang der neunziger Jahre zu verzeichnen sind, treten dabei in den Hintergrund – Erfolge bei der Erneuerung der Infrastruktur, dem Aufbau einer wettbewerbsfähigen Unternehmensbasis sowie – und nicht zuletzt – bei der Verbesserung der materiellen Lebensverhältnissen der Menschen.
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Higher risk potential for financial crises in Central and Eastern Europe: Countermeasures restrain revival of economic activity
Martina Kämpfe, Thomas Linne
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2002
Abstract
Das Risikopotenzial für eine Finanzkrise stieg zuletzt in einigen wichtigen mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern (Polen, Ungarn, Tschechien, Slowakei) deutlich an. Wirtschaftspolitischer Handlungsbedarf besteht vordringlich in einer Korrektur der derzeit noch expansiv angelegten Fiskalpolitik. Davon sind für das Jahr 2003 dämpfende Impulse für den konjunkturellen Aufschwung zu erwarten. Positive Impulse werden dagegen von einem Anziehen der westeuropäischen Konjunktur gegen Ende des Jahres 2002 für die Exporte der Unternehmen in Mittel- und Osteuropa ausgehen. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstumsrate wird im Jahr 2003 mit rund 4% etwas höher ausfallen als im laufenden Jahr. Dafür ist im Wesentlichen die russische Wirtschaft verantwortlich, die ebenfalls von der westeuropäischen Konjunkturbelebung profitieren wird. Im Jahr 2002 wird das Wachstum in der Region mit 3% deutlich geringer ausfallen als noch im Jahr zuvor.
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Effects of accelerated extension of the East German traffic infrastructure - The example of the A 72 Chemnitz-Leipzig
Walter Komar, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2002
Abstract
Growth and the productivity can be positively affected by the accelerated development of the infrastructure by regions. That was empirically proven by a study of the IWH. The example of the planned motorway BAB 72 Chemnitz-Leipzig shows that a prema-ture realization of the entire route will have important impulses for investments, em-ployment and turnover of firms.
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Recent Developments and Risks in the Euro Area Banking Sector
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
ECB Monthly Bulletin,
2002
Abstract
This article provides an overview of euro area banks’ exposure to risk and examines the effects of the cyclical downturn in 2001. It describes the extent to which euro area banks’ risk profile has changed as a result of recent structural developments, such as an increase in investment banking, mergers, securitisation and more sophisticated risk management techniques. The article stresses that the environment in which banks operated in 2001 was fairly complex due to the relatively weak economic performance of all major economies as well as the events of 11 September in the United States. It evaluates the effects of these adverse circumstances on banks’ stability and overall performance. The article provides bank balance sheet information as well as financial market prices, arguing that the latter may be useful when assessing the soundness of the banking sector in a forward-looking manner. It concludes with a review of the overall stability of euro area banks, pointing to robustness in the face of the adverse developments in 2001 and the somewhat improved forward-looking indicators of banks’ financial strength in early 2002.
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Economic Development 2002 and 2003: Investments – The Achilles Heel of the Economy
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2002
Abstract
The Article analyses and forecasts the economic developments for the World and German in 2002 and 2003. During the winter 2001/2002 the World Economy was able to pull out of its trough. Nonetheless, the upswing did not reach investments and was mainly driven by consumption and exports in the USA and the remaining major economies, respectively. In the course of this and next year Investors will gradually regain their trust in the economy. The same will be the case for consumers in Germany and Europe. As a result a modest recovery on a wide front will develop. In the course of next year this recovery will start to weaken. In Germany, Wage Policy has retracted from its former moderate stance. Hence, although due to the improving economic conditions and the resulting slowed employment cuts by the end of 2002 as well as employment increases in 2003, the upswing on the labour market will not reach the dynamics of the 1999/2000 recovery. Fiscal Policy, caused by the need to consolidate the public budget, will be restrictive. Despite the low inflation risks, by the end of this year the ECB will have raised its major interest rate by 1/2 percentage point. Nonetheless, as interest rates in real terms will remain at relatively low levels a restrictive impact from the Monetary Policy in Germany and the Euro Area will is not expected. The most important Data for the World Economy and Germany are being stated in detailed tables.
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Financial policy dominated by consolidation
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2002
Abstract
Submitting the Stability and Growth Pact European member states committed themselves to reduce their budget deficits. In spring this year the German fiscal position worsened more and more and it became obvious that the deficit target would – again – be missed. Despite the worsened starting point Germany affirmed to follow its original stability programme and to attain a budget “close to balance” by the year 2004. Thus, consolidation will have to be strengthened and the scope for fiscal policy narrows down.
If current fiscal policy is not sustainable, the necessity of consolidation is obvious. However, the mode of consolidation is controversial. The Stability and Growth Pact focuses on converging budget deficits close to balance. For this, short-term oriented consolidation dominates the more medium and long-term oriented aspects of fiscal policy. Generating economic conditions by fiscal policy is at least restricted, maybe temporarily impossible – and shortening the consolidation period increases its costs.
A forecast of the government’s financial development in the years 2002 to 2006 shows clearly that the restructuring of revenues and expenditure will show no progress. In particular, the lack of structural reforms will burden Germany’s fiscal situation in the medium-term oriented consolidation period. However: the political self-commitment this spring leaves no scope for alternatives, but to enforce the consolidation. Despite some efforts, the projection concludes that by the year 2004 the budget will show a deficit.
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Consequences of EU enlargement for regional promotion measures in East Germany
Franz Kronthaler, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2002
Abstract
Consequences of EU enlargement for regional policy in East Germany EU enlargement will change the status of regions currently assisted by EU regional policy. A number of regions will probably lose their status as “Objective 1 Region” and will hence have to exist without EU regional policy funding. Furthermore it has to be assumed that the EU will additionally reduce the maximal permitted regional aid rate for investment in the same regions. Most regions in the East German Länder will be affected by these changes. A “phasing out” of such Objective 1 Regions could ease the adjustment pressures. In anticipating to the probable reduction of the regional aid rate for investment, the development of infrastructure should already today be intensified in order to alleviate locational disadvantages as far as possible.
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