Is there a real world interest rate?
Christian Dreger, Christian Schumacher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2000
Abstract
The article examines the validity of real interest parity as a long run condition for the G7 countries. According to the hypothesis, differences of real interest rates are stationary. The hypothesis is supported by the means of panel unit root tests. Compared with standard unit root tests, these procedures rely on a broader long run information set and are better suited to detect a false null hypothesis.
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Environmental policy under product differentiation and asymmetric costs - Does leapfrogging occur and is it worth it?
Jacqueline Rothfels
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 124,
2000
Abstract
This paper studies the influence of environmental policies on environmental quality, domestic firms, and welfare. Point of departure is Porter’s hypothesis that unilateral environmental regulation may enhance the competitiveness of domestic firms. This hypothesis has recently received considerable support in theoretical analyses, especially if imperfectly competitive markets with strategic behavior on behalf of the agents are taken into account. Our work contributes to this literature by explicitely investigating the implications of asymmetric cost structures between a domestic and a foreign firm sector. We use a partial-equilibrium model of vertical product differentiation, where the consumption of a product causes environmental harm. Allowing for differentiated products, the domestic industry can either assume the market leader position or lag behind in terms of the environmental quality of the produced product. Assuming as a benchmark case that the domestic industry lags behind, we investigate the possibility of the government to induce leapfrogging of the domestic firm, i.e. a higher quality produced by the domestic firm after regulation than that of the competitor prior to regulation. It is shown that in the case of a cost advantage for the domestic firm in the production process the imposition of a binding minimum quality standard can serve as a tool to induce leapfrogging. In case of a cost disadvantage the same result can be achieved through an adequate subsidization of quality dependend production costs. Thus, careful regulation enables the domestic firm in both scenarios to better its competitive position against foreign competitors and to earn larger profits. Additionally, environmental quality and welfare can be enhanced.
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Growing German direct investments in Central and Eastern Europe and their support by the German state
Thomas Meißner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 14,
1997
Abstract
Deutschland gehört bereits seit mehr als zwanzig Jahren zu den Nettoexporteuren von Direktinvestitionen. In jüngster Zeit geht ein zunehmend größerer Teil dieses Kapitalexports in die Reformstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas. Diese Direktinvestitionen unterliegen einer beträchtlichen Förderung durch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Zwar war die damit verfolgte Politik zu Beginn der Transformation Mittel- und Osteuropas gerechtfertigt. Mittlerweile scheint jedoch die Grundlage hierfür großenteils weggefallen zu sein. Das Instrumentarium zur Förderung von Direktinvestitionen in Mittel- und Osteuropa zeichnet sich durch eine große Intransparenz aus. Auch drohen Mitnahmeeffekte.
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What can a town achieve today? Integration, urban regimes, and the acceptance of models
Peter Franz
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 56,
1997
Abstract
Since 1990, the date of German reunification, urban development and especially the recovery of inner cities in East Germany has been delayed by several factors including real estate restitution claims, inflexible preservation codes for historic buildings, and the shortage of stores for retailers. This blockade situation has resulted in the quick and intensified development of shopping centres as „inner city substitutes“ on the urban periphery. The combined effect of the factors preventing revitalisation strategies and the newly realised and practised potential for autonomous action by the authorities of smaller municipalities was a severe restriction for the governing capacities of the authorities of the larger cities. in regaining their governance capability city governments are dependent on urban groups joining and supporting public developmental strategies. In accordance with Stone (1993) and Stoker and Mossberger (1994) urban groups active in urban development policy can be described as urban regimes. In Germany three types of regimes can be differentiated. The cities differ with respect to the political strength and the forms of coalition and conflict between different urban regimes. Specific conditions in East Germany have led to a special regime constellation with a powerful „conservation regime“ on the one hand and a vivid „globalisation regime“ on the other hand. This conflicting constellation results in a developmental blockade. The hypothesis is that a third regime type, the „local alliance“, is missing and still has to be created by practices such as city marketing and city management. Only when this regime building process has advanced will new constellations of political coalitions and compromise become possible and be able to reduce governance problems of city government in the long run.
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Development of demand for financial support loans for environmental protection investment in trade and industry
Walter Komar
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
1996
Abstract
Seit 1991 war eine starke Erhöhung der Förderkreditnachfrage der gewerblichen Wirt-schaft Deutschlands zu verzeichnen. Dabei nahm die Nachfrage für Investitionszwecke in umweltgesetzlich weitgehend regulierten Schutzbereichen stärker zu als in schwach oder nicht regulierten Bereichen. Weil vorsorgende Maßnahmen nicht umweltgesetzlich vorgeschrieben sind, deutet diese Entwicklung auf die wachsende Bedeutung vorsor-gender (integrierter) Umweltschutzinvestitionen in den Unternehmen hin.
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