Municipal labor market policy - Marshalling yard or escape from public assistance dependency?
Hilmar Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2001
Abstract
Due to an increasing fiscal burden by welfare payments, municipalities tend
more and more to initiate employment and training programs under their own
responsibility besides the Federal Labor Agency. However, critics object
that this might predominantly be viewed as an attempt to shift fiscal
burdens to the Federal Labor Agency rather than a policy option towards
labor market integration of low-wage workers. In order to investigate this
issue, the IWH carried out a country-wide survey within twelve
municipalities and rural districts. The sample comprises 200 employable
welfare recipients, among them participants of labor market programs as well
as a reference group of non-participants. The results of the IWH welfare
survey are at best suggesting a moderate success of program participation
with regard to labor market integration. Nevertheless, the programs appear
to be profitable for municipalities, since they succeed in bringing
participants out of welfare dependency. In many cases, however, welfare is
replaced by unemployment support, which means that only the fiscal
responsibility changes. A shortcoming of the results has to be seen in the
fact that municipalities tend to assign especially those people for program
participation, who are already better fitting into requirements of the labor
market. This seriously impairs the comparability of participants and
non-participants. In view of the remarkable amount of expenditures it seems
therefore advisable to put more attention on the effectiveness of the
programs than has been done in the past. This could be achieved by a
stronger orientation towards an experimental design of assignment for
program participation.
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A glimpse on sectoral convergence of productivity levels
Gerald Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 133,
2001
Abstract
This paper examines the presence of sectoral convergence of labor productivity between 14 OECD countries. Using the OECD International Sectoral Data Base (ISDB), the paper looks at the developments within 12 distinct sectors during the period 1970-1995. The change of the coefficients of variance suggests that there is strong sectoral convergence within most service sectors while the evidence of convergence for Manufacturing as well as for Communication is rather weak. These findings are in line with most studies undertaken on this subject so far. It is concluded that economic theories at hand to explain growth and convergence (or divergence respectively) are of different importance for the sectors concerned. While models of the New Growth Theory seemed to be useful to explain growth mechanisms within Manufacturing and Communication, traditional models seemed to apply to most other sectors.
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Economic Development in Saxony-Anhalt: empirical results and policy recommendations
Franz Barjak, Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
Though the basic economic problems are still of the same kind all over East Germany, partially considerable regional differences exist in respect to the conditions for further economic development. Therefore, detailed empirical analyses for the individual Länder and their sub-regions are necessary making economic policy recommendations. The following contribution deals with this task taking Saxony-Anhalt as an example.
A multitude of indicators is used to bring out the specific strengths and weaknesses of the economy of this state (Land) and its sub-regions. The outstanding strength of Saxony-Anhalt are the high private investment outlays which served to build a modern capital stock during the past ten years. Another fundamental strength of the Land are the universities and public research institutions. Besides these unambiguous strengths some ‘ambivalent’ growth factors exist which are characterized by strengths as well as by weaknesses. Such ‘ambivalent’ growth factors are the infrastructure and the situation of important sectors and branches of economic activity. The weaknesses of Saxony-Anhalt’s economic structure find expression especially in its low supply with human capital and entrepreneurial initiative as well as in the few research and development efforts of its firms.
The aforementioned strengths of the Land are reflected insufficiently in its economic output. Consequently some economic policy measures are proposed to bring about an improvement: Amongst other things Saxony-Anhalt should develop a clear idea of its economic development (Leitbild). Such a Leitbild could be related to the Land’s strengths or to the elimination of its major weaknesses. This also would facilitate a concentrated use of the different economic policy instruments. The latter shouldn’t only be concentrated on singular economic growth factors but also spatially, on the economically stronger sub-regions, as this can lead to larger growth effects for the entire Land. The good provision with public research institutions in Saxony-Anhalt should be used to bring about an improvement of the economic structure to a larger extent than until now. This could be done for example by means of a further strengthening of applied research vs. basic research, possibly via orienting the public research more towards the existing branches of economic activity. Finally, the Land should intensify its efforts to increase the entrepreneurial initiative in Saxony-Anhalt, e. g. by means of introducing courses in economics in its schools.
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East German Manufacturing: Strongly differentiated if branches and firms are distinguished
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2001
Abstract
The East German manufacturing sector is characterized by a strong differentiation that cannot be seen in aggregate figures. On the basis of highly disaggregated figures that distinguishes by branches and firms as well it is shown that neither in decreasing industries (like the clothing industry) all firms are faced with a decline in production nor in growing industries (like fine mechanics) all establishments can really participate in growth. It is argued that there is still an intensive selection process in the East German economy that will help to reach a higher level of competitiveness.
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Economic prospects 2001: Tax reform keeps German economic activity going
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2001
Abstract
Am Ende des Jahres 2000 hat sich das Konjunkturbild eingetrübt. In Deutschland und Europa ist der Zuwachs der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktion schwächer geworden. Die Stimmung bei Produzenten und Verbrauchern hat sich vor allem wegen der Belastungen durch den hohen Ölpreis verschlechtert. So war auch die Sachlage, als die Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute im Herbst den Tempoverlust der Konjunktur für 2001 bezifferten. Danach griff eine neue Welle von Konjunkturpessimismus um sich. Das IWH hat sich dem nicht angeschlossen. Denn neben den Anzeichen für Verschlechterungen gibt es auch welche für Besserungen: Der Ölpreis geht wohl schneller als erwartet zurück, der Euro scheint sich zu stabilisieren. Beides nimmt Druck von den Preisen....
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Methodical limits of calculating productivity in the new Länder
Gerald Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 129,
2000
Abstract
The „Arbeitskreis Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung der Länder“ now publishes figures concerning the value added in Germany. Formerly the Statistische Bundesamt had this assignment. Some corporations have plant locations in the new Länder as well as in the old Länder. The employed method for splitting-up the value added produce by these corporations might lead to an underestimation of the overall value added produced in the new Länder. However, an estimation using the firm panel of the IAB shows that the East German productivity gap for manufacturing is overestimated by maximally two percentage points. Still in sectors that are dominated by multi plant corporations this effect is stronger. All in all the East German productivity gab is overestimated by maximally three percentage points.
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Putin's Russia: On the way to a well-ordered state; a commentary
Hubert Gabrisch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
2000
Abstract
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Price Competition between an Expert and a Non-Expert
Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
No. 6,
2000
Abstract
This paper characterizes price competition between an expert and a non-expert. In contrast with the expert, the non-expert's repair technology is not always successful. Consumers visit the expert after experiencing an unsuccessful match at the non-expert. This re-entry affects the behavior of both sellers. For low enough probability of successful repair at the non-expert, all consumers first visit the non-expert, and a 'timid-pricing' equilibrium results. If the non-expert's repair technology performs well enough, it pays for some consumers to disregard the non-expert a visit. They directly go to the expert's shop, and an 'aggressive-pricing' equilibrium pops up. For intermediate values of the non-expert's successful repair a 'mixed-pricing' equilibrium emerges where the expert randomizes over the monopoly price and some lower price.
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EU enlargement to the East: Structural fond resources considering the acceding countries negotiating power
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
1999
Abstract
Transfers aus den Struktur- und Agrarfonds der Europäischen Union an die Mitgliedsländer werden offiziell nach ökonomischen Kriterien bemessen, doch hat die langjährige Vergabepraxis den Einfluß politischer Macht auf die Mittelverteilung gezeigt. Es besteht ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen der politischen Macht, gemessen an der Stimmenstärke der Länder im EU-Ministerrat, und der Mittelverteilung. Bezüglich der Wirtschaftskraft der Länder ist der Zusammenhang negativ, mit steigender Wirtschaftsleistung sinken die zugewiesenen Mittel. Der machtpolitische Aspekt ist in Berechnungen zu den potentiellen Tranfers an die mittel- und osteuropäischen Beitrittskandidaten bisher kaum berücksichtigt worden. Grundlage der vorgestellten Schätzung von Strukturfondsmitteln ist die bisherige Vergabepraxis. Bei einer Betrachtung zweier Beitrittswellen analog zum geplanten Szenario der Union wird deutlich, daß die Mittelzuweisungen für die später beitretenden Länder erheblich höher als in der ersten Welle sein werden, da sie wirtschaftlich erheblich schwächer sind. Zugleich sinken tendenziell die Mittel für die bereits beigetretenen Länder, da sich die relative Stimmenmacht dieser Länder mit der Aufnahme neuer Länder verringert.
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