The coalition treaty from a fiscal point of view
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
After weeks of negotiations the coalition finally agreed on the conditions for their political work. Not surprisingly, the coalition agreement is complex and intransparent – with a multitude of single measures far away from a precise definition. Quantifying the programme and estimating resulting cash flows is currently difficult; official calculations are – if at all – only partly available. Anyhow, the contract will form the basis for economic policy during the next four years; therefore its evaluation by now is indispensable. The thin red line of the agreement – not astonishingly when considering the precarious financial situation of the public sector – is consolidation. However, more than 80% of the consolidation volume results from the revenue side. Though one third of this is due to the cutback of tax exemptions, the lion’s share comes from raising tax rates, mainly the VAT standard rate. In contrast, cutting back public expenditure is minor and the agreement clearly comes short of the Koch/Steinbrück proposal; even new tax reliefs are created. The consolidation is almost completely borne by private households. Enterprises as a whole are barely hit. However, they have to wait until 2008 for a reform of company taxation – one of the most pressing problems in this legislative period. To reduce the companies tax burden until the reform starts the conditions for tax depreciation are temporarily relaxed. Anyway, from an international point of view the statutory tax rate is an important signal to enterprises deciding where to invest. Lowering effective tax rates by changing depreciation conditions is intransparent and, thus, will be less effective. Furthermore savings within the public sector are planned to accomplish consolidation; 10 billion Euro should result from efficiency gains and reduced expenditure. Consolidation measures mainly focus on the budget of the federal government. However, Länder and communities will participate in the additional tax revenues. In contrast, social securities will loose – and therefore also the share of employment that is subject to social insurance contribution. Particularly the unemployment insurance will be burdened by the decrease of its premium rate. Besides, the federal government will reduce its grants to the pension funds and most notably the health system. The contract is dominated by fiscal constraints. Cyclical requirements are considered only cursory and pressing structural reforms are put off. The reforms of company’s taxation, of fiscal federalism, of the health system as well as a proceeding reform of the labour market are only proposed. How and when measures in these fields are realised will determine whether fiscal policy can set a new course.
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Current trends: percentage of employments liable to social insurance larger in East Germany than in West Germany
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2005
Abstract
Die Arbeitsplatzdichte ist in den einzelnen Bundesländern sehr unterschiedlich. Je 1 000 Erwerbsfähige – das sind alle Personen im Alter von 15 bis 65 Jahren – sind in Bremen fast 60% mehr Personen erwerbstätig als in Brandenburg. Erhebliche Unterschiede bestehen auch hinsichtlich der Art von Beschäftigungsverhältnissen innerhalb der Landesgrenzen. In allen ostdeutschen Ländern, die gemeinsam mit Berlin über die geringste Zahl von Arbeitsplätzen je 1 000 Erwerbsfähigen verfügen, ist der Anteil der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Vollzeitbeschäftigten höher als in den westdeutschen Ländern.
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Deposit Insurance, Moral Hazard and Market Monitoring
Reint E. Gropp, Jukka M. Vesala
Review of Finance,
No. 4,
2004
Abstract
The paper analyses the relationship between deposit insurance, debt-holder monitoring, and risk taking. In a stylised banking model we show that deposit insurance may reduce moral hazard, if deposit insurance credibly leaves out non-deposit creditors. Testing the model using EU bank level data yields evidence consistent with the model, suggesting that explicit deposit insurance may serve as a commitment device to limit the safety net and permit monitoring by uninsured subordinated debt holders. We further find that credible limits to the safety net reduce risk taking of smaller banks with low charter values and sizeable subordinated debt shares only. However, we also find that the introduction of explicit deposit insurance tends to increase the share of insured deposits in banks' liabilities.
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Risikoorientierte Prämiendifferenzierung in der Kfz-Haftpflichtversicherung
Christian Growitsch, R. Schwarze, H.-P. Schwintowski, Thomas Wein
External Publications,
2004
Abstract
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Increase of the tobacco tax to finance services provided by statutory health insurance that are not covered by insurance contributions
Kristina vanDeuverden
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 187,
2004
Abstract
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System change in statutory pension insurance does not solve the intergenerational distribution conflict
Olaf Fuchs
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
2000
Abstract
The present German pension system needs to be reformed. The alternative to the present pay-as-you-go pension system is a fully funded system. This retirement system offers a higher rate of return to the now young. Nevertheless, the paper argues, that a transition to a fully funded system will not solve the fundamental problem of the German pension system, because the hidden debt of the present system would requires a tax rate which equalizes the burden of both systems.
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Capital stock and demographic component – How can state pension insurance be reformed?
Christian Dreger, Jürgen Kolb
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
1997
Abstract
Der Artikel untersucht die Produktions- und Beschäftigungswirkungen alternativer Reformoptionen zur Finanzierung der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Diskutiert werden die Erweiterung der Rentenformel um eine demographische Komponente und die Bildung eines steuerfinanzierten Teilkapitalstocks als Ergänzung zum Umlageverfahren. Kurzfristig verursacht der Aufbau des Kapitalstocks Belastungen. Langfristig überwiegen jedoch die expansiven Effekte, weil die ansonsten notwendigen Beitragssteigerungen unterbleiben.
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Low-paid employment – Empirical results and ideas on introducing mandatory social insurance
Jürgen Kolb, Lioba Trabert
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
1996
Abstract
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Employment effects of separating uninsured claims from the state pension insurance fund: results of a simulation calculation
Christian Dreger
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 16,
1996
Abstract
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The imaginary capital stock of the Old Age Insurance System
Ulrich Blum
Nachrichtenblatt der Landesversicherungsanstalt Baden,
1988
Abstract
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