On the Future EU Cohesion Policies in Association States: the
Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2001
Abstract
Not only are levels of economic development in the association states in Central
East Europe lower than the average EU-15. They furthermore exhibit significantly
different sectoral structures. Does this suggest that a large fraction of the develop-
ment gap can be explained by those sectoral differences? In its latest report on
cohesion policy, the EU Commission accordingly placed particular emphasis on
sectoral structures when contemplating future intervention policy in newly acceeding
members.
Our analysis shows, however, that the patterns of sectoral structures play only a
minor role as determinants of the lower level of development, measured here as
productivity gap. The explanatory power of sectoral differennces is significant only
in Slovakia. The suggestions made in the EU-report is not supported by our
analysis. The existing programmes appear to be well equipped to account for the
particuliarities in transition economies.
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Germany: Cyclical Improvement not Until the End of the Year
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2001
Abstract
During the second quarter of 2001 German overall production stagnated. Weak global development muddied the economic prospects of firms and prevented them from rising their output and their investment activities. In 2001 gross national product will only increase by 1%; the number of unemployed will be higher than expected. Nevertheless, we advise against an increase in public expenditure that aims at stimulating the economy. Anyhow, growing public deficits, caused by cyclical movements, should be accepted. In order to increase employment labour market reforms become more urgent.
In East Germany, currently even a decline in gross national product cannot be excluded. After the first period of restructuring, which has been accompanied by structural problems, cyclical movements become more important. In addition, economic stagnation burdens labour markets. Nonetheless trying to stimulate the East German economy by government spending programmes does not seem to be a viable strategy. From the cyclical point of view they are not very efficient and concerning structural problems they are no solution.
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New trend in education structure of East-West migration?
Wolfram Kempe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2001
Abstract
Eine Analyse der Bildungsstruktur der Migranten auf Basis der Daten des SOEP ergibt Anzeichen, dass sich die bis 1997 beobachteten positiven Wanderungssalden bei Personen mit hohen Bildungsabschlüssen seit 1998 in ihr Gegenteil verkehrt haben. Während für die Zuwanderer aus den alten Bundesländern keine wesentlichen Strukturveränderungen festzustellen sind, hat sich der Anteil der Höchstqualifizierten bei den Abwanderern aus Ostdeutschland gegenüber dem Zeitraum 1992-1997 verdoppelt. Außerdem werden Aussagen über Umfang und Altersstruktur der Migration gemacht.
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Productivity gap of East German industry: A summarizing evaluation
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2001
Abstract
Ten years after German unification labor productivity in the New Laender reaches only 70 per cent of West German levels. Further, in the second half of the 1990ies, convergence did not continue. Because productivity can be regarded as a key for wages, for competitiveness of firms and for future transfer payments, the reasons for low productivity in East Germany are of major importance. In this article, it is argued that the existing productivity gap reflects mainly structural differences between East and West Germany, that is the high share of small firms and the predominance of sectors with low value added per worker. Additionally, difficulties on product markets leading to insufficient selling prices are responsible for the comparative low productivity of East German firms. Differences in capital intensity or in human capital, however, do explain only a small part of the productivity gap.
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Does East Germany need a new technology policy? – Implications from the functioning of the R&D market after the transformation
Ralf Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 145,
2001
Abstract
Technology policy is a major part of government's efforts in contributing to East Ger-many's economic recovery. However, even a decade after unification East Germany does not produce sufficient technology goods. Thus, the question is whether technology policy is either not suitable or inefficient in tackling East Germany's deficits. A special technology policy for East Germany is justified by the lack of regional networks for technology firms; without a compensating policy East Germany would continue to lag behind West Germany also with respect to incomes. Yet only a few of the policy in-struments applied so far are efficiently dealing with these deficits. Thus, a future technology policy for East Germany should – mainly by the supply of R&D-infrastructure – support implementation of these kinds of networks.
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A glimpse on sectoral convergence of productivity levels
Gerald Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 133,
2001
Abstract
This paper examines the presence of sectoral convergence of labor productivity between 14 OECD countries. Using the OECD International Sectoral Data Base (ISDB), the paper looks at the developments within 12 distinct sectors during the period 1970-1995. The change of the coefficients of variance suggests that there is strong sectoral convergence within most service sectors while the evidence of convergence for Manufacturing as well as for Communication is rather weak. These findings are in line with most studies undertaken on this subject so far. It is concluded that economic theories at hand to explain growth and convergence (or divergence respectively) are of different importance for the sectors concerned. While models of the New Growth Theory seemed to be useful to explain growth mechanisms within Manufacturing and Communication, traditional models seemed to apply to most other sectors.
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Employment threshhold shows declining trend
Christian Dreger, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2001
Abstract
The paper estimates Okuns law for countries of the eurozone using paneleconometric methods. Based on the results the minimum growth rate needed for a reduction in unemployment is calculated. In the period under investigation, the minimum growth rate has declined. Actually unemployment will be reduced through economic growth, and the minmum growth rates are lower than in the past. However growth must be accompanied by structural reforms in the labor market.
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Differences in productivity and convergence of economic regions – The example of the New Länder -
Gerald Müller, Joachim Ragnitz, Anita Wölfl
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
Auch im Jahre 2000 liegt das Produktivitätsniveau, das im Durchschnitt der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft erreicht wird, bei nur etwa zwei Dritteln des westdeutschen Wertes. Zwar gibt es eine erhebliche Differenzierung nach Unternehmen, nach Branchen und nach Regionen. Im Ganzen stellen die neuen Länder aber noch immer eine strukturschwache Region dar, und es ist offenkundig, dass das Ziel einer Angleichung der Pro-Kopf-Einkommen an das Westniveau kurzfristig nicht erreicht werden kann.
Die Frage, weshalb das Produktivitätsniveau in der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft weiterhin deutlich niedriger liegt als in Westdeutschland, ist auch 10 Jahre nach der deutschen Vereinigung noch nicht abschließend geklärt. In der Literatur gibt es zwar inzwischen eine ganze Reihe unterschiedlich gut begründeter Hypothesen, mit denen der Produktivitätsrückstand auf verschiedene betriebsinterne und -externe Faktoren zurückgeführt werden soll. Eine umfassende Gesamtdarstellung fehlt aber bislang noch. Auch die Frage, welche Schlussfolgerungen angesichts des anhaltend niedrigen Produktivitätsniveaus für den weiteren Konvergenzprozess zu ziehen sind, ist noch nicht überzeugend beantwortet.
Angesichts dieser Forschungsdefizite hat das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie mit Schreiben vom 29. April 1998 das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle beauftragt, im Rahmen der sektoralen Strukturberichterstattung das Thema „Produktivitätsunterschiede und Konvergenz von Wirtschaftsräumen – Das Beispiel der neuen Länder“ zu bearbeiten. Das IWH legt hiermit den Abschlussbericht zu diesem Projekt vor.
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Economic Development in Saxony-Anhalt: empirical results and policy recommendations
Franz Barjak, Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
Though the basic economic problems are still of the same kind all over East Germany, partially considerable regional differences exist in respect to the conditions for further economic development. Therefore, detailed empirical analyses for the individual Länder and their sub-regions are necessary making economic policy recommendations. The following contribution deals with this task taking Saxony-Anhalt as an example.
A multitude of indicators is used to bring out the specific strengths and weaknesses of the economy of this state (Land) and its sub-regions. The outstanding strength of Saxony-Anhalt are the high private investment outlays which served to build a modern capital stock during the past ten years. Another fundamental strength of the Land are the universities and public research institutions. Besides these unambiguous strengths some ‘ambivalent’ growth factors exist which are characterized by strengths as well as by weaknesses. Such ‘ambivalent’ growth factors are the infrastructure and the situation of important sectors and branches of economic activity. The weaknesses of Saxony-Anhalt’s economic structure find expression especially in its low supply with human capital and entrepreneurial initiative as well as in the few research and development efforts of its firms.
The aforementioned strengths of the Land are reflected insufficiently in its economic output. Consequently some economic policy measures are proposed to bring about an improvement: Amongst other things Saxony-Anhalt should develop a clear idea of its economic development (Leitbild). Such a Leitbild could be related to the Land’s strengths or to the elimination of its major weaknesses. This also would facilitate a concentrated use of the different economic policy instruments. The latter shouldn’t only be concentrated on singular economic growth factors but also spatially, on the economically stronger sub-regions, as this can lead to larger growth effects for the entire Land. The good provision with public research institutions in Saxony-Anhalt should be used to bring about an improvement of the economic structure to a larger extent than until now. This could be done for example by means of a further strengthening of applied research vs. basic research, possibly via orienting the public research more towards the existing branches of economic activity. Finally, the Land should intensify its efforts to increase the entrepreneurial initiative in Saxony-Anhalt, e. g. by means of introducing courses in economics in its schools.
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Housing Vacancies in East German Cities: A Problem not only for Housing Policy
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2001
Abstract
In numerous East German cities extreme imbalances in the housing
market have developed with the consequence of extensive housing vacancies. Primarily inner city housing units constructed in the late 19th and early 20th century and housing units constructed within the period of the socialist regime are concerned. The causes for these imbalances can be found in decisions of socialist urban planning, in demographic
factors, in oversized federal promotion of new housing construction after the German unification, and in income increases of private households. The commission “Structural Change in the Housing Economy of the New Länder“, installed by the federal government, has examined this problem and submitted preliminary political recommendations on the federal level in order to reduce the housing market imbalances. The commission recommends federal subsidies for tearing off vacant housing units within a period of ten years. A measure like this raises the question how the risk can be handled that too many flats are torn down. In addition, the commission recommends to double the subsidies for households acquiring already existing flats for own use and to halve the subsidies for households investing in newly built owner-occupied housing in East Germany. These incentives to acquire existing housing units might prove too weak because of the strong preferences of East German households to live in single-family houses. Measures on the federal level can support but cannot replace necessary concrete planning and solution strategies in the vacancy-plagued cities “in situ“.
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