Labor market developments at the former inner-German border – Consequences for the EU's eastern border regions
Franz Barjak
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2001
Abstract
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt ausgewählte Entwicklungen auf den Arbeitsmärkten beiderseits der früheren innerdeutschen Grenze. Sie können als exemplarisch hinsichtlich der Konsequenzen einer Grenzöffnung für die regionalen Arbeitsmärkte entlang der derzeitigen EU-Ostgrenze angesehen werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die ehemalige ostdeutsche Grenzregion günstiger, ihre Nachbarregion im Westen dagegen eher ungünstiger entwickelt hat, als die Bundesländer, denen die Regionen zugehören. Dies spiegeln sowohl die Arbeitslosigkeits-und Beschäftigungsdaten als auch die Lohn- und Gehaltsdaten in der Industrie wider. In der Folge dieser Entwicklungen auf den Arbeitsmärkten haben auch die Pendlerbewegungen zwischen den ost- und den westdeutschen Grenzregionen weniger zugenommen als zwischen den Bundesländern. Eine mögliche Ursache für die eher ungünstige Entwicklung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im westdeutschen Grenzraum könnten ungünstige Standortbedingungen sein, die dazu beigetragen haben, dass Unternehmen nach dem Wegfall der Zonenrandförderung den Raum als Investitionsstandort in geringerem Maße angenommen haben. Dies kommt in einem überdurchschnittlichen Rückgang der Investitionstätigkeit im Grenzraum West im Vergleich zu den Grenzländern zum Ausdruck. Übertragen auf die Situation an den Ostgrenzen der EU lässt sich daraus schließen, dass die Regional- und Strukturpolitik versuchen sollte, die Standortbedingungen zu verbessern, die heutigen EU-Grenzregionen als Integrations- und Kooperationsraum auszubauen und den wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den Beitrittsländern zu fördern, damit diese in Zukunft noch mehr Produkte in der EU allgemein und in den Grenzregionen insbesondere nachfragen. Dagegen erscheint eine Beschränkung der Freizügigkeit als wenig geeignet, um negative Arbeitsmarkteffekte abzuwenden.
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Economic Development in Saxony-Anhalt: empirical results and policy recommendations
Franz Barjak, Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2001
Abstract
Though the basic economic problems are still of the same kind all over East Germany, partially considerable regional differences exist in respect to the conditions for further economic development. Therefore, detailed empirical analyses for the individual Länder and their sub-regions are necessary making economic policy recommendations. The following contribution deals with this task taking Saxony-Anhalt as an example.
A multitude of indicators is used to bring out the specific strengths and weaknesses of the economy of this state (Land) and its sub-regions. The outstanding strength of Saxony-Anhalt are the high private investment outlays which served to build a modern capital stock during the past ten years. Another fundamental strength of the Land are the universities and public research institutions. Besides these unambiguous strengths some ‘ambivalent’ growth factors exist which are characterized by strengths as well as by weaknesses. Such ‘ambivalent’ growth factors are the infrastructure and the situation of important sectors and branches of economic activity. The weaknesses of Saxony-Anhalt’s economic structure find expression especially in its low supply with human capital and entrepreneurial initiative as well as in the few research and development efforts of its firms.
The aforementioned strengths of the Land are reflected insufficiently in its economic output. Consequently some economic policy measures are proposed to bring about an improvement: Amongst other things Saxony-Anhalt should develop a clear idea of its economic development (Leitbild). Such a Leitbild could be related to the Land’s strengths or to the elimination of its major weaknesses. This also would facilitate a concentrated use of the different economic policy instruments. The latter shouldn’t only be concentrated on singular economic growth factors but also spatially, on the economically stronger sub-regions, as this can lead to larger growth effects for the entire Land. The good provision with public research institutions in Saxony-Anhalt should be used to bring about an improvement of the economic structure to a larger extent than until now. This could be done for example by means of a further strengthening of applied research vs. basic research, possibly via orienting the public research more towards the existing branches of economic activity. Finally, the Land should intensify its efforts to increase the entrepreneurial initiative in Saxony-Anhalt, e. g. by means of introducing courses in economics in its schools.
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Housing Vacancies in East German Cities: A Problem not only for Housing Policy
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2001
Abstract
In numerous East German cities extreme imbalances in the housing
market have developed with the consequence of extensive housing vacancies. Primarily inner city housing units constructed in the late 19th and early 20th century and housing units constructed within the period of the socialist regime are concerned. The causes for these imbalances can be found in decisions of socialist urban planning, in demographic
factors, in oversized federal promotion of new housing construction after the German unification, and in income increases of private households. The commission “Structural Change in the Housing Economy of the New Länder“, installed by the federal government, has examined this problem and submitted preliminary political recommendations on the federal level in order to reduce the housing market imbalances. The commission recommends federal subsidies for tearing off vacant housing units within a period of ten years. A measure like this raises the question how the risk can be handled that too many flats are torn down. In addition, the commission recommends to double the subsidies for households acquiring already existing flats for own use and to halve the subsidies for households investing in newly built owner-occupied housing in East Germany. These incentives to acquire existing housing units might prove too weak because of the strong preferences of East German households to live in single-family houses. Measures on the federal level can support but cannot replace necessary concrete planning and solution strategies in the vacancy-plagued cities “in situ“.
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Moderate production and employment effects through rising crude oil prices – A simulation with the macroeconomic IWH model –
Christian Dreger
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 15,
2000
Abstract
In the article the impacts of a rise in oil prices on production and employment are examined. The impacts are carried out by simulation on the grounds of a macroeconometric model. Given various price developments, the effects on production and employment are less pronounced than those in previous crisis. In the worst case scenario, output losses are 0.4 percentage points of the overall growth rate of the economy.
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Development Problems and Policies at the German Border with Poland – Regional Aspects of Trade and Investment
Franz Barjak, Gerhard Heimpold
Borders, Regions and People. European Research in Regional Science, Vol. 10. Pion.,
2000
Abstract
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Regional analysis of East Germany: A comparison of the economic situation of states, districts, and municipalities
Franz Barjak, Peter Franz, Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2000
Abstract
A decade after the German unification we look at the extent of economic differentiation within East Germany. This is achieved by help of a set of selected statistical indicators for the years 1991 to 1998. Comparisons are drawn a) between the East German jurisdictions and b) between West and East German jurisdictions. On the federal state (Laender) level it can be shown that each state has developped its own specific economic profile. Brandenburg is characterized by a positive net migration (suburban function for Berlin), relatively low unemployment and high GDP values, but relatively low entrepreneurial activities. Saxony has achieved the lowest unemployment, a good endowment with human capital, modern industrial technology, infrastructure, and entrepreneurial activities. Special features of Thuringia consist of a relatively large number of patent applications and a stable industrial base. The economic state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is characterized by low industrial investment, negative net migration, and high unemployment. A special feature of this federal state is the intense investmenr in tourist services. Saxony-Anhalt registers the highest decrease in the numbers of industrial workers between 1991 and 1998 and the highest unemployment. On the other side it shows the highest amount of investment, especially in chemical industry and in mineral oil processing.
On the county level four clusters can be identified by means of a cluster analysis: A “cluster of counties with severe economic weaknesses” with a bias in the regions indutrialized in an early stage, a “cluster with a high human capital potential and suburbanization loss” consisting of 21 cities, a “cluster of counties with good economic results” predominantly surrounding the larger cities, and a “cluster of counties with SME growth potential” concentrating in Thuringia and Saxony.
The results at the city level show that the larger cities above 100.000 inhabitants, especially Dresden and Leipzig, do better than the smaller cities. Jena in Thuringia has specialized as a location for R&D, Zwickau in Saxony as a location for the automobile industry. Altogether the economic differences between the East German federal states, counties, and cities still are less pronounced than the degree of differentiation of their West German counterparts.
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Foreign banks in economic development: Experiences from the regulated financial system of South Korea
Ralf Müller
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 110,
2000
Abstract
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Limitations of R&D promotion policy: What does it achieve in the New Länder?
Ralf Müller
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 13,
1999
Abstract
In den neuen Ländern wird durch verschiedene
Instrumente Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE)
von Unternehmen gefördert. Dazu zählen infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen, Projektzuschußförderungen, Kapitalhilfen und Personalkostenzuschüsse. Zwar rechtfertigt das Fehlen von FuE-Netzwerken in den neuen Ländern eine ostdeutschlandspezifische FuE-Förderung, da hierdurch sowohl FuE bestehender Unternehmen als auch die Neuansiedlung FuE-intensiver Unternehmen behindert wird. Die angewandten Instrumente weisen jedoch teilweise erhebliche Schwächen auf und werden der ostdeutschen Problematik insgesamt kaum gerecht. Problematisch sind besonders Projektzuschußförderung und Personalkostenzuschüsse. Um die FuE-Förderung zu verbessern und an die ostdeutsche Netzwerkproblematik anzupassen, ist daher vor allem eine Gewichtsverlagerung zugunsten effizienterer Instrumente anzuraten. Dabei sei allerdings vor übertriebenen Erwartungen an die Möglichkeiten staatlicher FuE-Förderung gewarnt.
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Labor Market Analysis and Public Policy: The Case of Morocco
Guillermo Hakim, Julia Lane, Javier Miranda
World Bank Economic Review,
No. 3,
1999
Abstract
This article uses detailed industry and household data to understand why Morocco's labor market performed poorly in 1985–95. The data indicate that marked structural changes and weak demand in the product market were responsible. This article makes two contributions to the literature. The first is specific: it underscores that the demand for labor is a derived demand and that the performance of the product market is an important determinant of the performance of the labor market. The second is more general: it demonstrates that this kind of microeconomic analysis, using data sets that are often available in developing countries, can inform policy design.
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