Considerable Export Potentials in Eastern Germany
Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
For a long time, the Federal Republic of Germany is one of the countries with the highest export performance in the world. But a closer examination of East- and West-Germany reveals substantial regional differences. The collabse of the markets in the eastern European countries, which were the main trading partners of GDR, after the breakdown of communism caused a sustainable decline of East-German exports. Nevertheless it was expected that the economic recovery in the former communist countries and the access to new export markets in the western world would cause an upward movement of East-German Trade. Although during the last years East-German exports grew faster than those of Western Germany, the east German share in Germanys total exports is still comparatively low. On the basis of a gravity-model of trade, bilateral export potencials are empirically analysed. This is done for the Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, and seperately forEast and West-Germany. Afterwards, the calculated export potencials are compared with actual exports. The results show that Germany as a whole exceeds its export potencial against the majority of its main trading partners. The differentiated analysis for East and West-Germany supports the hypothesis that Germanys high export performance stems from the western part of the country, whereas the eastern part exploits its export potencial with Germanys main trading partners only to the half. The unexploited export potencials as well as the higher concentration on the fast-growing central and eastern European markets imply considerable potencials for East-German exports to grow in the future.
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Prekäre Einkommenslagen ind Deutschland - ein Ost-West-Vergleich 1996-2002
Herbert S. Buscher, Juliane Parys
Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv,
No. 4,
2006
Abstract
The paper investigates the distribution of equivalence-weighted net household income for West and East Germany, covering the period from 1996 to 2002. The data set used is the annual cross section data set “Mikrozensus”. The main issues of the paper are twofold. First, we analyze standard measures of income distributions as well as measures of inequality. Second, we set up a Logit model to explain relative poorness in East and West Germany using Mikrozensus data to capture household characteristics. The main focus in this section deals with the question how different types of forms of living and the number of children will affect the risk of falling into precarious income situations. The results show that the risk of getting poor is higher for families with children as well as for single persons with children.
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Interregional equalization policy in focus: Donor regions and beneficiary regions and their economic performance
Gerhard Heimpold, Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
The future of the interregional equalization policy in Germany is discussed intensively at present. While in the past the interest of equalization policy was focussed primarily on the regions which benefit from interregional equalization policy (beneficiary regions) and the effects obtained there, recently the view is directed also toward the regions which bear the fiscal burden of the equalisation policy (donor regions). Concerning the donor regions, a fear of growth-absorbing withdrawal effects exists, which gives reason in view of declining economic growth rates on the national level to think about the future of interregional equalization policy. The IWH contributed to this debate together with two project partners by an investigation, which was accomplished on behalf of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning. The following findings will show the economic performance of the donor regions (exclusively West German regions) and of the beneficiary regions (all East German regions and a few West German regions) and their changing economic growth patterns. Concerning the level of economic performance, measured by means of the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, as expected, the donor regions, consisting of West German regions, in the period 1992-2003 altogether show an above average GDP per capita. In contrast, the beneficiary regions, both the East German and (less strongly) the West German show a GDP per capita below average. Concerning the development of the economic performance, which was measured on the basis of the relative GDP per capita (GDP per capita of the region concerned in relation to the national average), the East German beneficiary regions could catch up in the first period (1992-1998) strongly. This catching up process, however, clearly slowed down in the second period 1998-2003. Like a mirror-image the lead of the donor regions regarding GDP per capita in relation to the national average became smaller. But after 1998 many West German donor regions regained their growth dynamics. Additionally the contributions of the regions to the absolute increase of the GDP in the period 1998-2003 were investigated: 30 of 271 regions have a share of around 50% in the overall GDP increase, 28 of them located in West Germany, and 21 of them donor regions. This in mind, the policy should further provide and secure favourable development conditions for those regions, which contribute at most to the increase of the overall economic performance and thus create the economic base for the interregional equalization policy.
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Recent trends: Yield of the East German industry in 2004 again higher than in West Germany
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2006
Abstract
In den ostdeutschen Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes betrug im Jahr 2004 – aktuellere Daten liegen nicht vor – die Rendite im Durchschnitt 3,8%, im Westen lag sie bei 2,4%. Damit überstieg sie im zweiten Jahr in Folge den westdeutschen Vergleichswert, wobei der Ost-West-Abstand zugunsten der ostdeutschen Industrie zugenommen hat. Dies ergab eine im Auftrag des IWH durchgeführte Sonderauswertung der Kostenstrukturen, die jährlich vom Statistischen Bundesamt bei einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von west- und ostdeutschen Unternehmen mit 20 und mehr Beschäftigten erhoben werden.
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Workplace Equipment and Workplace Gap by Gender in East and West Germany
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Johann Fuchs, Cornelia Lang
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 9,
2006
Abstract
The paper investigates (a) the number and structure of available jobs by gender in East and West Germany, (b) the gap between the supply and demand of jobs by gender in both regions and (c) the reasons for the wider “job gap” in East Germany compared with West Germany. The paper uses data from the Regional National Accounts and the Federal Labor Office. The analysis shows no significant difference in the number of jobs per 1000 persons in working age between East and West Germany. For women, the East German economy offers more jobs. Nevertheless, the gap between labour demand and the supply of jobs is wider in East Germany. This is caused not only by problems concerning the production structure, but also by the significantly higher partizipation rate of women in the labor market. Reasons are the traditional behaviour of East German woman and – compared with West Germany – the considerably lower household income.
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Prekäre Einkommenslagen in Deutschland: Ein Ost-West-Vergleich 1996 bis 2002
Herbert S. Buscher, Juliane Parys
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
The paper investigates the distribution of equivalence-weighted net household income for West and East Germany, covering the period from 1996 to 2002. The data set used is the annual cross section data set “Mikrozensus”. The main issues of the paper are twofold. First, we analyze standard measures of income distributions as well as measures of inequality. Second, we set up a Logit model to explain relative poorness in East and West Germany using Mikrozensus data to capture household characteristics. The main focus in this section deals with the question how different types of forms of living and the number of children will affect the risk of falling into precarious income situations. The results show that the risk of getting poor is higher for families with children as well as for single persons with children.
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Prekäre Einkommenslagen in Deutschland: Ein Ost-West-Vergleich von 1996 - 2002
Herbert S. Buscher, Juliane Parys
Beitrag zur 4. Nutzerkonferenz des Mikrozensus,
2005
Abstract
The paper investigates the distribution of income in West and East Germany over the period 1996 to 2002 using data from the respective microcensus. Special emphasis is put on the income distribution of those households and living communities which can be characterized as relatively poor. To single out the possible determinants of relative poorness we use Logit regressions. It turns out that the most important source of relative poorness is related to the number of children living in a household as well as the status of the family.
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Struktur und Dynamik der weiblichen Erwerbstätigkeit
Andrea Besenthal, Cornelia Lang, Katharina Spieß, Katharina Wrohlich
Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland - Arbeit und Lebensstandard, Band 7,
2005
Abstract
Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in den letzten Jahren entwickelt hat und welche regionalen Unterschiede in der Struktur der weiblichen Erwerbsbeteiligung (Vollzeit- und Teilzeitquoten) in der Bundesrepublik, aber auch europaweit, derzeit bestehen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den Problemen von Müttern gewidmet, die den Wunsch nach Erwerbsbeteiligung mit den vorhandenen Möglichkeiten zur Kinderbetreuung in Einklang bringen müssen. Hinsichtlich der Verfügbarkeit von Plätzen in Kindertageseinrichtungen für Kinder im Kindergartenalter hat sich die Situation in den letzten Jahren verbessert. Deutliche Ost-West-Unterschiede bestehen nach wie vor beim Angebot von Ganztagesplätzen mit Mittagessen, beim Angebot von Kindergrippenplätzen und von Hortplätzen.
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East-West internal migration: remarkable loss of human capital
Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2005
Abstract
Ende der 90er Jahre mußte für Ostdeutschland eine negative Trendumkehr in den Wanderungsbewegungen konstatiert werden: Die in den Jahren nach der deutschen Einigung gesunkenen Wanderungsverluste stiegen bis ins Jahr 2001 wieder erheblich an. Zwar ist das Defizit seither erneut rückläufig, dessen Niveau ist mit über 50 000 pro Jahr aber immer noch beträchtlich. Dies gilt umso mehr, als – wie der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt – der Großteil der Abwanderung im Alter von 18-30 Jahren stattfindet, vorwiegend Personen mit überdurchschnittlicher schulischer Bildung betrifft und häufig zu Ausbildungsbeginn oder zum Berufsstart erfolgt. Da andererseits die Zuwanderung seit Jahren auf annähernd gleichem Niveau verharrt und sich in der Bildungsstruktur nicht wesentlich von der Abwanderung unterscheidet, entsteht in der Folge ein Humankapitalverlust, der sowohl Facharbeiter als auch Akademiker betrifft. Weil Westdeutsche überdies vergleichsweise selten in den Osten ziehen, um eine Ausbildung zu beginnen bzw. die berufliche Karriere zu starten, ergibt sich für diese Kategorie ein besonders deutliches Defizit, was negative Konsequenzen vor allem für das zukünftige Potential an Mittel- und Hochqualifizierten in den neuen Bundesländern haben dürfte.
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Innovationskooperationen deutscher Unternehmen im europäischen und innerdeutschen Vergleich
Jutta Günther
Der Mittelstand an der Schwelle zur Informationsgesellschaft,
2005
Abstract
The study deals with innovation cooperation as a means to improve the competitiveness of enterprises. The empirical study compares the cooperation behaviour of innovative enterprises in Germany to other West European countries as well as between East and West Germany. The database used is the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS-2) of the EU. While German firms exhibit a cooperation frequency slightly below the average of the European Economic Area (EEA), enterprises in North European countries are by far most active with respect to cooperation frequency. The most important cooperation partner for firms in the EEA are other firms within the enterprise group, followed by suppliers and customers while German firms cooperate most frequently with universities. The comparative investigation of innovation cooperation in East and West Germany shows that East German firms cooperate more often than West German firms. However, a productivity advantage of cooperating firms against non-cooperating firms is only observable in West Germany. In East Germany, cooperating firms even exhibit a lower sales productivity than non-cooperating firms, which is explainable most probably through the fact that cooperation activities translate into productivity advantages only in the long run.
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