FDI versus exports: Evidence from German banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
We use a new bank-level dataset to study the FDI-versus-exports decision for German banks. We extend the literature on multinational firms in two directions. First, we simultaneously study FDI and the export of cross-border financial services. Second, we test recent theories on multinational firms which show the importance of firm heterogeneity [Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., Yeaple, S.R., 2004. Export versus FDI. American Economic Review 94 (1), 300–316]. Our results show that FDI and cross-border services are complements rather than substitutes. Heterogeneity of banks has a significant impact on the internationalization decision. More profitable and larger banks are more likely to expand internationally than smaller banks. They have more extensive foreign activities, and they are more likely to engage in FDI in addition to cross-border financial services.
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Schwierigkeiten der Investitionsförderung – Der Fall CargoLifter AG
Mirko Titze
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2006
Abstract
This paper shows how the state of Brandenburg has subsidized large investments. The Focus of this papers is the case of the CargoLifter AG. The government intended to prevent in the mid 90's the total break-down of the economy in the state of Brandenburg, which is particularly affected by structural changes. This kind of policy is highly controversial casing lengthy discussions. After raising approximately 220 millions of Euro in the capital market and receiving nearly 50 million Euros from the state of Brandenburg the CargoLifter AG run into financial difficulties. The Government subsidized the CargoLifter AG as part of the “Gemeinschaftsaufgabe zur Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur - (GA)“. There were arguments to subsidize the CargoLifter AG. This paper analyzes the project management of the company as well as the subsidization with the “Gemeinschaftsaufgabe zur Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur - (GA)“of the state of Brandenburg in terms of their contribution to the insolvency of the CargoLifter AG.
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The IWH signals approach: the present potential for a financial crisis in selected Central and East European countries and Turkey
Hubert Gabrisch, Simone Lösel
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
The steep increase of oil prices, general threats rooting from Iran’s nuclear program, and doubts about the future policy of important central banks recently caused more uncertainties of investors on international financial markets. This explains the higher volatility and the fall of indices on stock markets including those of some Central and East European countries. International investors could respond with adjustments of their portfolio and trigger off a financial crisis. On this background, the article studies the potential for a financial crises in the region mentioned. The analytical tool is the IWH signals approach. The study concludes that the risk of the outbreak of a financial crisis within the next 18 months is rather unrealistic in most countries. A stable economic policy, high real growth rates, a financial system already robust compared to earlier times of transition, and appropriate exchange rate arrangements protect the countries against speculative attacks and portfolio adjustments. When the composite indicator shows deterioration like in the Baltic countries, it turned out to be negligible. For the Slovak Republic and Slovenia, the composite indicator even improved. A closer look to individual indicators reveals still some problems in the banking sectors of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, however, without out major impact on the composite indicator.
This general assessment does not apply to Romania, and, in particular, to Turkey. The composite indicator signals a significant increase of the risk potential for the next 18 months in both countries. There is a considerable need for sound policy action.
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Excess Volatility in European Equity Style Indices - New Evidence
Marian Berneburg
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 16,
2006
Abstract
Are financial markets efficient? One proposition that seems to contradict this is Shiller’s finding of excess volatility in asset prices and its resulting rejection of the discounted cash flow model. This paper replicates Shiller’s approach for a different data set and extends his analysis by testing for a long-run relationship by means of a cointegration analysis. Contrary to previous studies, monthly data for an integrated European stock market is being used, with special attention to equity style investment strategies. On the basis of this analysis’ results, Shiller’s findings seem questionable. While a long-run relationship between prices and dividends can be observed for all equity styles, a certain degree, but to a much smaller extent than in Shiller’s approach, of excess volatility cannot be rejected. But it seems that a further relaxation of Shiller’s assumptions would completely eliminate the finding of an overly strong reaction of prices to changes in dividends. Two interesting side results are, that all three investment styles seem to have equal performance when adjusting for risk, which by itself is an indication for efficiency and that market participants seem to use current dividend payments from one company as an indication for future dividend payments by other firms. Overall the results of this paper lead to the conclusion that efficiency cannot be rejected for an integrated European equity market.
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Die Bedeutung interner Kapitalmärkte für die Organisationsform von Unternehmen
Diemo Dietrich
WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium,
2006
Abstract
Contemporary financial economics has broken new grounds when considering that firms typically have not only a single investment opportunity available conducted by a single manager. A Firm has in fact several projects where headquarters delegates the undertaking to project managers. From this perspective, what conclusions can be drawn regarding the functioning of capital markets? What role do internal capital markets play? What consequences does it have for the borders of a firm?
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Investment and Internal Finance: Asymmetric Information or Managerial Discretion?
Hans Degryse, Abe de Jong
International Journal of Industrial Organization,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
This paper examines the investment-cash flow sensitivity of publicly listed firms in The Netherlands. Investment-cash flow sensitivities can be attributed to overinvestment resulting from the abuse of managerial discretion, but also to underinvestment due to information problems. The Dutch corporate governance structure presents a number of distinctive features, in particular the limited influence of shareholders, the presence of large blockholders, and the importance of bank ties. We expect that in The Netherlands, the managerial discretion problem is more important than the asymmetric information problem. We use Tobin's Q to discriminate between firms with these problems, where LOW Q firms face the managerial discretion problem and HIGH Q firms the asymmetric information problem. As hypothesized, we find substantially larger investment-cash flow sensitivity for LOW Q firms. Moreover, specifically in the LOW Q sample, we find that firms with higher (bank) debt have lower investment-cash flow sensitivity. This finding shows that leverage, and particularly bank debt, is a key disciplinary mechanism which reduces the managerial discretion problem.
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The coalition treaty from a fiscal point of view
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
After weeks of negotiations the coalition finally agreed on the conditions for their political work. Not surprisingly, the coalition agreement is complex and intransparent – with a multitude of single measures far away from a precise definition. Quantifying the programme and estimating resulting cash flows is currently difficult; official calculations are – if at all – only partly available. Anyhow, the contract will form the basis for economic policy during the next four years; therefore its evaluation by now is indispensable. The thin red line of the agreement – not astonishingly when considering the precarious financial situation of the public sector – is consolidation. However, more than 80% of the consolidation volume results from the revenue side. Though one third of this is due to the cutback of tax exemptions, the lion’s share comes from raising tax rates, mainly the VAT standard rate. In contrast, cutting back public expenditure is minor and the agreement clearly comes short of the Koch/Steinbrück proposal; even new tax reliefs are created. The consolidation is almost completely borne by private households. Enterprises as a whole are barely hit. However, they have to wait until 2008 for a reform of company taxation – one of the most pressing problems in this legislative period. To reduce the companies tax burden until the reform starts the conditions for tax depreciation are temporarily relaxed. Anyway, from an international point of view the statutory tax rate is an important signal to enterprises deciding where to invest. Lowering effective tax rates by changing depreciation conditions is intransparent and, thus, will be less effective. Furthermore savings within the public sector are planned to accomplish consolidation; 10 billion Euro should result from efficiency gains and reduced expenditure. Consolidation measures mainly focus on the budget of the federal government. However, Länder and communities will participate in the additional tax revenues. In contrast, social securities will loose – and therefore also the share of employment that is subject to social insurance contribution. Particularly the unemployment insurance will be burdened by the decrease of its premium rate. Besides, the federal government will reduce its grants to the pension funds and most notably the health system. The contract is dominated by fiscal constraints. Cyclical requirements are considered only cursory and pressing structural reforms are put off. The reforms of company’s taxation, of fiscal federalism, of the health system as well as a proceeding reform of the labour market are only proposed. How and when measures in these fields are realised will determine whether fiscal policy can set a new course.
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How do multinationals meet investment decisions: The case study of General Motors
Diemo Dietrich, Daniel Höwer
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2005
Abstract
The recent events around Opel, the German subsidiary of General Motors, has attracted a great deal of attention, especially with respect to the influence of multinational corporations on the German economy. General Motors' announcement of an internal competition for production capacities in June 2004 has led some observers to the assessment that this would be a step towards more efficiency and profitability. But such internal competition for ressources may be hampered and end up in inefficiency. This is because informational frictions and enforcement problems within a corporation restrict the headquarters ability and willingness to allocate ressources efficiently. Against this background, we discuss possible problems associated with the internal capital allocation within multinational corporations and show their relevance in the case of General Motors.
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Solidarpakt II: Adequate application of funds not in sight
Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2005
Abstract
Auch im Jahr 2004 haben die ostdeutschen Länder mit Ausnahme des Freistaates Sachsen die ihnen im Solidarpakt zur Verfügung gestellten Mittel zu einem erheblichen Teil zur Deckung laufender Ausgaben verwendet. Auch wenn sich der Anteil der konsumtiven Ausgaben an den Zuweisungen aus dem Solidarpakt (SoBEZ) überall verringert hat, ist die Verwendung der Mittel für nicht-investive Zwecke mit Blick auf die Verbesserung der langfristigen Wachstumschancen der neuen Länder problematisch. Dementsprechend zeigt es sich, daß der Abbau der Infrastrukturlücke nicht in dem gebotenen Tempo vorankommt. Hieran wird sich – legt man die Haushaltspläne der Länder zugrunde – auch in den nächsten Jahren nicht viel ändern. Ohne massives Umsteuern wird sich der von den ostdeutschen Ländern als Begründung für den Solidarpakt II angeführte infrastrukturelle Nachholbedarf bis zum Jahre 2019 nicht abbauen lassen. Verschärft wird die Situation noch dadurch, daß ab dem Jahre 2009 die Solidarpaktmittel stark abnehmen werden, somit der Abbau der Infrastrukturlücke noch zusätzlich erschwert wird. Ein politischer Wille, den Solidarpakt II zu reformieren, ist derzeit nicht zu erkennen, obwohl von verschiedenen Seiten eine Reihe von Vorschlägen hierzu unterbreitet worden ist. Im Interesse der langfristigen Wirtschaftsentwicklung sollten die Beteiligten bald in Verhandlungen über eine Anpassung des Solidarpaktes eintreten.
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Investitions- und Finanzierungsverhalten Multinationaler Unternehmen
Holger Zemanek
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 197,
2004
Abstract
Seit einigen Jahren können internationale Handels- und Kapitalströme den beobachteten internationalen Konjunkturverbund – insbesondere zwischen den USA und Europa – nicht mehr hinreichend erklären. So hat sich beispielsweise der in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren bestehende enge Konjunkturzusammenhang zwischen Italien, Frankreich sowie Deutschland auf der einen und den USA auf der anderen in den 1990er Jahren aufgelöst, obwohl sich die Handelsverflechtungen zwischen diesen Ländern keinesfalls verringerten.
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