Vigorous upswing continues
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
The worldwide upswing has gained momentum since last autumn. The main cause for the high growth dynamics is a monetary policy that is very expansive not only in advanced economies, where the utilization rates for production capacities are mostly still low, but also in emerging market economies that in general have already recovered from the Great Recession.
The German economy participates in the worldwide upswing. Here the recovery is ahead of those in most other advanced economies. Both exports and domestic demand are strongly expanding. One reason for the high growth dynamics is that key interest rates are particularly low for Germany, as the ECB has to take into account that many euro area economies are much more fragile. In addition, Germany still benefits from the wage moderation and the labour market reforms in the past decade: employment is expanding strongly, and firms find many profitable investment projects.
Major risks for this forecast are structural problems of some advanced economies that had become visible during the Great Recession and are still unresolved (concerning the US housing market and the crisis of confidence in the fiscal sustainability of some euro area countries in particular). A further risk is the possibility of further oil price hikes due to political instability in North Africa and the Middle East.
Read article
Ageing and Labour Markets: An Analysis on the effect of worker’s age on productivity, innovation and mobility
Lutz Schneider
Technische Universität Dresden. Dissertation,
2011
Abstract
The present study analyses the labour market effect of workers’ ageing. Explicitly, the impact of age on productivity and wages, on innovation as well as on mobility is explored empirically. The econometric analyses are based on firm and employment data from the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and, thus, refer to the labour market of Germany. Regarding the productivity and wage effects of age the econometric results confirm a positive correlation between firm productivity and the share of middle-aged employees (41-50 years old) within the manufacturing sector. Hence, the results provide evidence of an inverted u-shaped age-productivity profile in this sector also found for other countries. Furthermore, age-wage and age-productivity profiles seem to follow unequal patterns. Compared to the group of the 15-30 and the 51 and above years old workers the group of middle-aged employees earn less than a productivity based wage scheme would require. In terms of age effects on innovativeness the micro-econometric analysis again reveals an inverted u-shaped profile. Workers aged around 40 years seem to act as key driver for innovation activities within firms. An additional finding concerns the impact of age diversity on innovation. The expected positive effect of a heterogeneous age structure is not confirmed by the data. With respect to labour market mobility results are in favour of a negative correlation between age and job mobility either in terms of changing professions or firms. The estimation of a multi equation model verifies that expected wages of older workers do not or only marginally increase due to job mobility, so, financial incentives to change jobs are very low. Yet, even after controlling the absent wage incentive older employees still remain more immobile than younger workers. Altogether, these results should not only be of academic interest but also informative for actors on the firm and the governmental level. Both sides are asked to cope with the challenges of demographic change. Only by maintaining productivity and innovativeness until old ages the necessary resources can be generated to preserve an economy’s prosperity even if the share of non-active population is increasing by demographic developments. Secondly, enhancing productivity is essential to ensure employability of older persons and to sustain the size of workforce even in the circumstances of an ageing economy.
Read article
Konjunktur aktuell: Aufschwung in Deutschland geht weiter – Krisenprävention und Krisenmanagement in Europa unter Reformdruck
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2011
Abstract
We estimate that in 2010, the German GDP has expanded by 3.7%. In all probability, growth will continue in the two following years, with output rising by 2.3% in 2011 and by 1.7% in 2012. Thus, we see the recovery of the German economy after the Great Recession as a starting point for a strong upswing. In case the fiscal crisis of peripheral euro area countries intensified, however, or if confidence in the US dollar waned due to the extremely expansive policy in the US, expectations would quickly turn pessimistic. The key task for the European economic policy is improving its ability to manage and prevent financial and fiscal crises.
The recovery of the world economy continues. This is particularly true for the US, but for the European Union as well, in spite of drastic fiscal adjustment programs in Britain and Spain. In most of emerging markets economies, economic policy has been trying to dampen frothy upswings without damaging the high growth dynamics. As a consequence, growth slowed down in Asia after last spring. Leading indicators for China and India, however, point to an acceleration of economic activity during this winter. Neighboring economies, not least the Japanese, will soon benefit from higher exports.
Read article
Economic Structure and Regional Performance in Germany, 2002-2007
Alexander Kubis, Matthias Brachert, Mirko Titze
European Planning Studies,
No. 2,
2012
Abstract
This paper explores the impact of industrial clusters on regional growth at the German labour market region level using a regional convergence model. Based on the results of an exploratory study of the geography of German industrial clusters, we are able to differentiate the impact of industrial clustering from a horizontal and a vertical perspective while taking regional convergence into consideration. The results indicate that in addition to an all-German process of convergence, a specific East German one can be identified. The different types of industrial clusters show mixed effects within this framework. While vertically isolated industrial clusters have a negative impact on regional growth in this period, positive growth effects can be identified when industrial clusters show an intra-regional vertical interconnectedness.
Read article
Central Banks, Trade Unions and Reputation – Is there Room for an Expansionist Manoeuvre in the European Union?
Toralf Pusch, A. Heise
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,
2010
Abstract
It is now a few years since the introduction of the common currency, and Europe is still experiencing high unemployment. The conventional logic attributes this problem to flaws in the labour market. In this article we look at the changes that occur if labour unions and the Central Bank have different options to choose from in a climate of uncertainty. In a single-stage game the most probable outcome is a high unemployment rate. Results change dramatically if the game is repeated. However, this effect does not occur if the Central Bank puts a too high weight on price stability. Secondly, if the trade unions do not possess the capability for coordinating and moderating their wage claims, a full employment equilibrium is out of range.
Read article
Arbeitsmarktbilanz Ostdeutschland: Beschäftigung nimmt im Jahr 2010 zu
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
Die Beschäftigungssituation hat sich seit Anfang des Jahres 2010 infolge des kräftigen Produktionswachstums verbessert. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen
nimmt seit Anfang dieses Jahres saisonbereinigt zu. Getragen wurde der Beschäftigungsaufbau von einer deutlichen Zunahme der sozialversicherungspflichtig eschäftigten. Einem weiteren – wenn auch abgeschwächten – Rückgang der Beschäftigung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe steht dabei ein kräftiger Personalaufbau in einigen Dienstleistungsbereichen
gegenüber. Die Zahl der Arbeitslosen ging – gemessen am Beschäftigungsaufbau –überproportional zurück, da das Arbeitsangebot – demographisch bedingt – kräftig abgenommen hat. Im Verlauf dieses und des kommenden Jahres wird
sich infolge der Ausdehnung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Produktion die Lage auf dem ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt weiter verbessern. Die Zahl der Erwerbstätigen
wird Ende des Jahres 2010 in etwa auf dem Stand vor der schweren Wirtschaftskrise liegen. Im kommenden Jahr wird sich der Beschäftigungsaufbau
fortsetzen. Der Rückgang der Zahl der registrierten Arbeitslosen wird im Prognosezeitraum aufgrund des weiter stark schrumpfenden Arbeitsangebots größer sein als der Beschäftigungsaufbau.
Read article
Editorial
Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
Etwas über zwanzig Jahre hat es gedauert, bis zum ersten Mal ein ostdeutsches Flächenland – Thüringen – eine Arbeitslosenquote ausweist, die mit einem westdeutschen Flächenland – Nordrhein-Westfalen – auf vergleichbarem Niveau liegt: 8,3% im Oktober in Thüringen und 8,2% in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Zugegeben, die Arbeitslosenquoten in den meisten der Neuen Bundesländer liegen noch immer deutlich über dem westdeutschen Durchschnitt, und sie sind mit Ausnahme von Thüringen und Brandenburg auch immer noch zweistellig. Trotzdem ist diese Entwicklung bemerkenswert. Der Arbeitsmarkt und damit die Beschäftigung haben sich stabilisiert, die Unternehmen haben ihre Marktnischen gefunden und agieren auch teilweise auf internationalen Märkten. Die kleinteilige Struktur der thüringischen bzw. der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft stellt nicht zwangsläufig einen Nachteil dar – weder für die Überlebenschance des Betriebs noch für den Aufbau von Beschäftigung.
Read article
Works Councils and Separations: Voice, Monopoly, and Insurance Effects
Boris Hirsch, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
Industrial Relations,
No. 4,
2010
Abstract
Using a large linked employer–employee data set for Germany, we find that the existence of a works council is associated with a lower separation rate to employment, in particular for workers with low tenure. While works council monopoly effects show up in all specifications, clear voice effects are only visible for low tenured workers. Works councils also reduce separations to nonemployment, and this impact is more pronounced for men. Insurance effects only show up for workers with tenure of more than 2 years. Our results indicate that works councils to some extent represent the interests of a specific clientele.
Read article
Neo-liberalism, the Changing German Labor Market, and Income Distribution: An Institutionalist and Post Keynesian Analysis
John B. Hall, Udo Ludwig
Journal of Economic Issues,
2010
Abstract
This inquiry relies on an Institutionalist and Post Keynesian analysis to explore Germany's neo-liberal project, noting cumulative effects emerging as measurable economic and societal outcomes. Investments in technologies generate rising output-to-capital ratios. Increasing exports offset the Domar problem, but give rise to capital surpluses. National income redistributes in favor of capital. Novel labor market institutions emerge. Following Minsky, good times lead to bad: as seeming successes of neo-liberal policies are accompanied by financial instability, growing disparities in household incomes, and sharp declines in German exports on world markets, resulting in one of the deepest, recent contractions in the industrialized world.
Read article