Business Incubators in Eastern Germany: Positive Interim Results
Michael Schwartz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2007
Abstract
Business incubators (BIs) are local technology and innovation policy measures that have attracted a great deal of attention by cities and municipalities in Eastern Germany. The enthusiasm of local-policy makers has led to a current number of nearly 130 incubator organizations in Eastern Germany. The article is based on a wider research project that focuses on the evaluation of the effectiveness of five BIs in Eastern Germany. In this article, three key issues of BI-effectiveness are concerned: the incubation time of client and graduate companies, the technological competence of supported firms and the share of newly founded firms in the BIs. Empirical results are positive concerning the indicators incubation time and the share of start-ups in the BIs. Deficiencies of the five BIs are found regarding the technological competence of the supported firms. The article concludes with a short outlook on future research questions.
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Reform of Local Municipal Structures: Centralization not only Implicates Advantages
Peter Haug, Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2007
Abstract
The question whether centralized or decentralized municipal structures are more efficient has been discussed, not only in Germany, for a long time primarily under aspects of law and administrative sciences. In this article, we use an economic approach instead. The prevailing theories on interjurisdictional competition are not conclusive about the cost and welfare effects of centralization. Therefore, using the example of Saxony-Anhalt we investigate empirically if there are any significant differences in expenses or personnel between more centralized municipal governance forms (“Einheitsgemeinden”) or rather decentralized forms (“Verwaltungsgemeinschaften”). Our cross-section analysis for selected municipal activities reveals that both types are very similar in their cost and manning structures. Significant differences can be explained rather by different population densities than by the organizational structure. Considering these results we do not recommend a forced amalgamation of the municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt. Especially, if frustration cost or the political transaction cost, which both rise with centralization, are taken into account.
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Die Rolle der Kommunen in der Wasserwirtschaft - Hallesches Kolloquium zur Kommunalen Wirtschaft 2005
Peter Haug, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Schriften des IWH,
No. 25,
2007
Abstract
Das IWH veranstaltete am 7. Juli 2005 eine Tagung zur künftigen Rolle der Kommunen bei der Wasserver- und Abwasserentsorgung. Das Kolloquium richtete sich sowohl an einschlägig tätige Wissenschaftler als auch an Praktiker der Wasserwirtschaft und Politiker. Die im vorliegenden Tagungsband gesammelten Beiträge behandeln ein breites Themenspektrum mit den Schwerpunkten Bewertung kommunaler Wirtschaftstätigkeit, empirische Untersuchungen zu Determinanten (insbesondere Organisationsstrukturen) der Effizienz und Innovationsneigung von Wasserver- und Abwasserentsorgern, Problematik räumlicher Disparitäten bei der Infrastrukturversorgung und Reformvorschläge zum Ordnungsrahmen der deutschen Wasserwirtschaft (vergleichender Wettbewerb, Erfahrungen mit Benchmarkingsystemen).
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Local Government Control and Efficiency of the Water Industry: An Empirical Analysis of Water Suppliers in East Germany
Peter Haug
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
The paper deals with the effects of local governments’ interference with business affairs of publicly owned utilities. A partial model is presented to illustrate the consequences of “democratic control” for the public managers’ effort and the efficiency of local public production. To check the theoretical results empirically, a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) is carried out for a sample of East German water suppliers. The organisational form is used as a measure for the degree of municipal control. The results of the OLS- and Tobit regression indicate an efficiency-enhancing effect of organisational forms with less distinctive control options for local politicians.
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Local Public Utilities' Profits and Municipal Expenses in Germany: An Empirical Analysis
Peter Haug, Birger Nerré
Proceedings of the 99th Annual Conference on Taxation (November 16-18), Washington DC,
2006
Abstract
German municipalities are currently struggling with growing budget deficits and other financial hardships. From a public choice point of view it seems tempting for vote-maximizing local governments to raise revenues from sources which create fiscal illusion or allow tax exports. An increasingly important revenue source of this kind are profits of local public utilities. In this paper we try to fill an empirical gap and provide data of the development of the profitability over time for selected German local public utilities. Furthermore, we develop and estimate a municipal expenditure function for a panel data set of large German cities . We found some slightly positive relationship between per capita expenses of the municipality and the disposable per capita profits of the local public utilities. This indicates that probably the German municipalities – according to our theoretical considerations – tend to burden their citizens as well as non-voters outside their boundaries with implicit taxes to satisfy their increasing financial needs.
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Wie steht es in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern um die Ballung wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten? - Eine Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Städte des Landes
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Rostocker Beiträge zur Regional- und Strukturforschung, Heft 18,
No. 18,
2006
Abstract
Urban and regional economics put great emphasis on urban spaces and, in general, on the importance of agglomeration forces, which is of great importance for the development perspectives of structurally weak regions. This in mind, the contribution investigates the extent and the structures of economic agglomeration characteristics, using the example of the cities in the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In this context, the question is raised whether the potential given there might be better used to achieve economic progress. The contribution starts with a brief theoretical overview on the importance of agglomeration forces for urban and regional development. The empirical section comprises, first, an analysis how the cities under consideration are endowed with factors being regarded as important for economic growth; second, two essential elements of agglomeration of economic activities are investigated more in-depth: spatially concentrated industries and business networks. The investigation is based on a method which was already in use within an East-Germany wide study on Economic Development Spots (project on behalf of the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning - BBR, finished in 2004). Finally, the contribution draws implications for the economic policy at the Laender level as well as at the municipal level.
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Revenue Boosting Instruments in Municipal Finance from a Public Choice Perspective
Peter Haug
Diamond, J. (ed.), Proceedings. 98th Annual Conference on Taxation, Miami, Florida, November 17-19, 2005 and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association, Thrusday, November 17, 2005,
2006
Abstract
German municipalities are currently struggling with growing budget deficits, decreasing revenues, and rising expenditures. We argue that from a public choice perspective local politicians under financial pressure might prefer fiscal instruments that minimize the local voters' resistance and create fiscal illusion. According to Germany, suitable sources of additional revenues include the reallocation of revenues from the local business tax between the levels of government and increased profitability of local public utilities. Revenue Data from 1992 to 2004 indicate that changes in the relative significance of the net local business tax revenues are rather caused by changes in the share of the federal government in the revenues ('Gewerbesteuerumlage') than by changes in the local tax multipliers. Furthermore, we find a significant rise in profits of local public utilities in large German cities.
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Fiscal economy potentials of a county structure reform in Saxony-Anhalt
Simone Scharfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 5,
2006
Abstract
In view of the foreseeable demographic and finance-political developments the public house holds of Eastern Germany are under considerable strain to consolidate. This applies particularly to Saxony-Anhalt and there especially to local authorities. In 2003 the municipal expenses level (running material expenses and personnel expenses) of counties and communities in Saxony-Anhalt amounted 1,015 Euro per inhabitant and was clearly higher than the other East German states. Beyond the means of economisation through the efficient application of public funds, considerations are given to the potentials of country structure reforms. In the last legislative period, the CDU/FDP government already established the amalgamation of 24 counties to eleven new ones with the bill of 11.11.2005. The SPD - as an oppositional party at that time - submitted a proposal for an even further-reaching structural change with a concentration to five counties. This article comprises an estimation of the fiscal economisation potentials of both versions. In the first step, the (long term accessible) county expense levels of Saxony-Anhalt within the scope of the existing structure of a county is determined with the help of a Benchmarkanalysis. These results are then compared with expected expense levels of a reformed county structure which leads to the saving effect of the respective county reform. In the result of the analysis it appears that the suggestion of the SPD to the county structure reform allows to expect clearly higher saving effects than the suggestion of the former CDU/FDP government, a strong meaning of the already enforced community administrative reform is imputable.
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Inefficient structures in the German municipal economy? The example of East German drinking water supply
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2006
Abstract
Die kleinteilig strukturierte deutsche Wasserwirtschaft wird von Ökonomen gerne als Beispiel für erhebliche Effizienzsteigerungspotentiale durch Unternehmenskonzentration angesehen, was sich beispielsweise mit der Ausnutzung von Größenvorteilen (economies of scale) und folglich einer kostengünstigeren Versorgung der Bevölkerung rechtfertigen lasse. Demgegenüber stehen aber die Ergebnisse etlicher empirischer Untersuchungen im Ausland, deren Befunde keine eindeutigen Rückschlüsse auf das Vorhandensein von Größenvorteilen in der öffentlichen Wasserversorgung zulassen. Eine aktuelle Untersuchung des IWH für die ostdeutsche Wasserwirtschaft liefert nun Ergebnisse einer Effizienzanalyse für deutsche Wasserversorger. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Data-Envelopment- Analyse (DEA) durchgeführt, wobei hier das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Abhängigkeit der sog. Skaleneffizienz von der Unternehmensgröße lag. Zur Absicherung der Ergebnisse wurden außerdem die Parameter einer aggregierten Produktionsfunktion der Wasserversorger mittels Regressionsanalyse geschätzt und daraus Rückschlüsse auf die Skalenelastizität gezogen. Die Ergebnisse der Data Envelopment Analyse legen nahe, daß nur sehr kleine Wasserversorger (jährliche Wasserabgabe < 0,5 Mio. m3) mit Effizienzgewinnen durch Unternehmenszusammenschlüsse oder andere Formen der Ausweitung der Wasserabgabemenge rechnen können. Die Schätzergebnisse der aggregierten Produktionsfunktion bestätigten die Hypothese vom Vorliegen von signifikanten Größenvorteilen in der ostdeutschen Wasserversorgung ebenfalls nicht. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt einer möglichst kostengünstigen Versorgung der Bevölkerung durch Nutzung potentieller Größenvorteile kann zumindest auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse und in Bezug auf die Trinkwasserversorgung nur eine flexiblere Handhabung, nicht jedoch eine Aufhebung des Örtlichkeitsprinzips der kommunalen Wirtschaftstätigkeit befürwortet werden.
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Intermediate central communities in Rural Regions - A qualitative instrument for analysis
Alexander Kubis
Теоретические основы и опыт стратегическ,
2006
Abstract
This study shows specific strengths and weaknesses of the economic potential of rural regions by using qualitative, statistic methods. At this, groups of central communities are formed to analyze their potentials. The application of intermediate central communities, which are a functional link between periphery and main central communities, is the particular characteristic of this study, which applies the municipality as the least possible regional level of analysis. There is a massive, structural need for adjustment in the Eastern German States for these central communities. Furthermore, specific, structural deficits can be shown for the West German States as well. The recommended method allows to take all relevant deficits adequately into consideration within a regional policy. The delineated statements provide sufficient statistical support.
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