Ageing and Labour Markets: An Analysis on the effect of worker’s age on productivity, innovation and mobility
Lutz Schneider
Technische Universität Dresden. Dissertation,
2011
Abstract
The present study analyses the labour market effect of workers’ ageing. Explicitly, the impact of age on productivity and wages, on innovation as well as on mobility is explored empirically. The econometric analyses are based on firm and employment data from the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and, thus, refer to the labour market of Germany. Regarding the productivity and wage effects of age the econometric results confirm a positive correlation between firm productivity and the share of middle-aged employees (41-50 years old) within the manufacturing sector. Hence, the results provide evidence of an inverted u-shaped age-productivity profile in this sector also found for other countries. Furthermore, age-wage and age-productivity profiles seem to follow unequal patterns. Compared to the group of the 15-30 and the 51 and above years old workers the group of middle-aged employees earn less than a productivity based wage scheme would require. In terms of age effects on innovativeness the micro-econometric analysis again reveals an inverted u-shaped profile. Workers aged around 40 years seem to act as key driver for innovation activities within firms. An additional finding concerns the impact of age diversity on innovation. The expected positive effect of a heterogeneous age structure is not confirmed by the data. With respect to labour market mobility results are in favour of a negative correlation between age and job mobility either in terms of changing professions or firms. The estimation of a multi equation model verifies that expected wages of older workers do not or only marginally increase due to job mobility, so, financial incentives to change jobs are very low. Yet, even after controlling the absent wage incentive older employees still remain more immobile than younger workers. Altogether, these results should not only be of academic interest but also informative for actors on the firm and the governmental level. Both sides are asked to cope with the challenges of demographic change. Only by maintaining productivity and innovativeness until old ages the necessary resources can be generated to preserve an economy’s prosperity even if the share of non-active population is increasing by demographic developments. Secondly, enhancing productivity is essential to ensure employability of older persons and to sustain the size of workforce even in the circumstances of an ageing economy.
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Soziale Armut im Alter
Herbert S. Buscher, Ingmar Kumpmann, Li Huan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2010
Abstract
Relative Armut in unterschiedlichen Bevölkerungsschichten rückt seit einigen Jahren verstärkt in die öffentliche Diskussion – sei es als Armut von Kindern, Langzeitarbeitslosen oder Geringverdienern, Alleinerziehenden oder Rentnern. Bei der Festlegung, wer arm ist, hat das persönliche Einkommen einen sehr hohen Stellenwert. Materielle Armut ist aber nur eine Seite der Medaille; die andere Seite besteht darin, dass von Armut betroffene oder bedrohte Personen häufig auch nur eingeschränkt am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können – sei es, dass sie ausgegrenzt werden, sei es, dass sie sich selbst vom gesellschaftlichen Leben zurückziehen. Andererseits muss ein niedriges Einkommen nicht zwangsläufig mit Armut gleichgesetzt werden. Es ist ebenso gut denkbar, dass aktive soziale Teilhabe in unterschiedlichster Form einen Mangel an Einkommen durch „Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben“ teilweise kompensieren kann. Der Beitrag untersucht für Deutschland und die Jahre 2003 und 2008 auf der Grundlage der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP), ob insbesondere ältere Menschen, die von Armut betroffen sind, durch zusätzliche gesundheitliche Probleme betroffen sind bzw. weniger als nicht arme Ältere am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können. Erwartungsgemäß sind ältere Menschen zu einem höheren Anteil mit ihrem Gesundheitszustand unzufrieden als jüngere. Unter den Personen, deren Einkommen unterhalb der einkommensbezogenen Armutsgefährdungsschwelle liegt, ist ebenfalls ein signifikant höherer Anteil mit ihrer Gesundheit unzufrieden. Dass Einkommensarmut auch ein Gesundheitsrisiko darstellt, wird dadurch bestätigt. Entsprechende Befunde lassen sich für die Zufriedenheit mit der Freizeit nicht finden: Unter den älteren Menschen sind signifikant mehr mit ihrer Freizeit zufrieden als unter den Befragten im Erwerbsalter. Auch Einkommensarmut geht danach nicht mit größerer Unzufriedenheit mit der Freizeit einher.
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Editorial
Herbert S. Buscher
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2010
Abstract
Armut, absolute Armut, so wie wir sie von Bildern aus Entwicklungsländern kennen, dürfte in Europa eher die Ausnahme sein. Auch wenn absolute Armut bei uns kein existenzielles Problem ist, so drängt doch die zunehmende relative Verarmung seit einigen Jahren verstärkt in das öffentliche Bewusstsein. Relative Armut, oder genauer: das Armutsrisiko, betrifft weite Schichten der Bevölkerung, wobei bestimmte Gruppen diesem Risiko in erhöhtem Maße ausgesetzt sind. Zu diesen gehören u. a. geringqualifizierte Personen, Personen, die sich in einer prekären Beschäftigungssituation befinden, Alleinerziehende, Langzeitarbeitslose, Personen mit einem Migrationshintergrund und ältere Menschen. Kinderarmut und die Armut älterer Menschen werden hierbei als besonders problematisch angesehen: Armut bereits im frühen Alter verbaut systematisch Berufs- und Aufstiegschancen und damit potenzielle Einkommensquellen, die vor Armut schützen. Altersarmut wird als Demütigung empfunden, weil man sich trotz eines langen Erwerbslebens im Alter weniger Wünsche erfüllen kann und dies in diesem Lebensabschnitt kaum mehr auszugleichen vermag. Und es gibt eine wachsende Gruppe von Menschen, deren Einkommen bereits heute so niedrig ist, dass es durch staatliche Transfers angehoben werden muss. Zwar wird gegenwärtig das Armutsproblem gelöst, aber künftig wird aufgrund niedriger Einkommen bei vielen eine ausreichende Altersvorsorge schwierig, sodass hier ein hohes Risiko zukünftiger Altersarmut besteht.
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Old Age Poverty – Causes and a Projection for 2023
Ingmar Kumpmann, Michael Gühne, Herbert S. Buscher
Abstract
Several factors bring about a rise in old age poverty in Germany, especially in East Germany. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) we examine causes and extent of old age poverty in Germany. We begin our inquiry with a cross section regression in order to determine the impact of several factors on retirement incomes in Germany. In the second step we perform an income projection of today’s 50 to 55 year-old people for the year 2023. In doing so, we take into account different sources of income, including several forms of capital income and the calculated rent of owner-occupied houses and flats. We find a significant rise in old age poverty especially in East Germany as a consequence of rising unemployment after the German unification.
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Energy Efficient Homes in Germany: Lower Energy Requirement in the East and the South – Results of the ista-IWH-Energy-Efficiency-Index 2007
Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2009
Abstract
At the latest since the oil crisis in the beginning of the 1970s, energy efficiency of homes became a widely discussed topic. In the past, it were in first line aspects of the scarcity of fossil energy sources that motivated the debate. Nowadays, climate protection is a main goal of the European energy policy. For this purpose, a new instrument was introduced in 2009. Europe-wide, the “Energy Performance Certificate” for buildings presents detailed information on the required energy for heating, warm water and (indirectly) the resulting costs for tenants. This instrument is designed to provide further information for consumers to influence their behavior in favor of energy efficient buildings.
Until now, there is only little information on spatial aspects of the energy efficiency of housing in Germany. This article presents data on the level of Germany’s NUTS2 regions. In our calculations, we include information on more than 2.6 million flats, interpolating it representatively for the total stock of multifamily buildings and considering the regional climate.
The results of the first ista-IWH-Energy-Efficiency-Index indicate large differences between regions. The required energy for housing is much lower in the eastern and southern parts of Germany, compared to the western or northern parts. Explanations can be seen in a different structure of the housing stock (e.g. age of construction, level of refurbishment). Moreover, first analyses of the market structure indicate that owner occupied flats are more efficient in energy requirement than rental flats. Vacancy rates, the duration of occupation of rented flats and the level of regional income play an additional role for the energy efficiency of the regional housing stock.
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„Where Have All the Young Girls Gone …?” Regional Analysis of Young Women’s Migration Behavior
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
The study examines the patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women at the age between 18 and 30 years. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. The econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows emphasizes the importance of economic, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities. In addition, they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore, the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant pull factor regarding young female migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates an enduring effect on the regional balance of migration, which is especially true if the educational opportunities in the target region are associated with adequate career perspectives for highly qualified female graduates. In terms of recommendations for action, the study underlines the importance of policy measures improving the regional job and income opportunities. Secondly, the upgrading of fields of study mainly chosen by women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate female immigration. Moreover, the enhancement of the social infrastructure, which promotes a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving the region.
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East German Economy: Demand Push Stronger than Structural Deficiencies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, growth of production was surprisingly strong in Eastern Germany. The structural deficiencies there would have suggested a slower pace. In particular, linkages with national and international business cycles have been underestimated. To a large part, the reason why output grew by 3 per cent did not come from Eastern Germany itself, but from the Old Länder and from abroad. In the New Länder, the strong upward swing in investment activity stimulated the economy. However, owing to a small increase in total income of private households, their purchasing power lagged behind.
The improved ability of East German firms to absorb cyclical impulses from exports and from Germany’s general investment activity proved to be a crucial factor. In particular, the endowment of workplaces with modern production facilities as well as the continued reduction in the disadvantages with respect to cost-competitiveness in the tradable goods sector were beneficial. The labour cost advantage compared to West German competitors increased further while the disadvantage compared to those from Central and Eastern Europe decreased.
Benefiting from these factors, economic activity in Eastern Germany will grow faster than in the Old Länder as long as the upswing in Germany and abroad remains strong. In 2007 and 2008, investments – especially in equipment – and exports will be the driving forces again. For exports, the strongly expanding markets in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Russia will gain in importance. As income and employment prospects improve, private consumption will support the growth in production. Registered unemployment should decrease below the 1-million threshold.
Manufacturing will remain the primary force of the upswing; its advantages in production costs will not vanish as long as, even in presence of scarcity of skilled labour, salaries and wages do not increase more than in Western Germany. In the wake of robust economic growth, the New Länder will make further progress in catching up with respect to production and income.
Companies will regain support from the banking industry. Yet, investment capital still stems from public funding programmes to a non-negligible extent. In the medium run, access to credit will ease as a result of further improvements in the firms’ net worth position. However, dependency on internal funds remains high and exposes companies to comparatively strong cyclical risks. In an economic downturn, the structural deficiencies of the East German economy will impair economic expansion.
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Wie hoch ist die Unterbeschäftigung in Ost- und Westdeutschland? Arbeitsplatzausstattung und Arbeitsplatzlücke nach Geschlechtern in Ost- und Westdeutschland
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Johann Fuchs, Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
The paper investigates the number and structure of available jobs by gender in East and West Germany, the gap between the supply and demand of jobs by gender in both regions and the reasons for the wider “job gap“ in East Germany compared with West Germany. The analysis shows no significant difference in the number of jobs per 1000 persons in working age between East and West Germany. For women, the East German economy offers more jobs. Nevertheless, the gap between labour demand and the supply of jobs is wider in East germany. This is caused not only by problems concerning the production structure, but also by the significantly higher participation rate of women in the labour market. Reasons are the traditional behaviour of East German women and - compared with West germany - the considerably lower household income.
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Too old to change? The link between Age, Wage Differentials and Job Mobility
Lutz Schneider
Sozialer Fortschritt,
No. 56,
2007
Abstract
The reduced job mobility of older employees is well known. As a result, the ageing of the workforce has clear implications for labor turnover in Germany. On the basis of the IAB’s employee survey (Beschaeftigtenstichprobe) (IABS), this article analyses the impact of age on (inter-firm) job mobility. In particular, the study answers the following question: how do wage differentials between an actual and a potential job evolve during employees’ working lives? It is shown that changing jobs is less profitable for older workers than it is for younger ones. However, the analysis also demonstrates that the wage differential between jobs cannot explain the whole mobility advantage of younger employees.
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