Do House Prices Drive Aggregate Consumption?
Marian Berneburg, Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2006
Abstract
In recent times increasing house prices have been credited with a stong positive influence on aggre-gate consumption. But it is questionable in how far higher prices are at all able to lift the purchasing power of the economy as whole: The seller’s profit of a high price, equals the buyer’s loss. But while a positive correlation between house prices and consumption is evident, it is not a sign of irra-tional behaviour by market participants. In fact it seems that both factors are driven by other pa-rameters: the interest rate and expectations about future interest rates and economic activity. For a selection of four developed countries, the follow-ing article tries to give an explanation for the house price developments of the past 15 years. While disregarding country specific risk as well as institutional aspects and demographic factors, a present value caluclation forms the basis for esti-mating a fundamentally justified price movement. Expectations for future rents and discount rates are being proxied by a moving average of past values. It can be observed how interest rate changes and long-run economic growth, two as-pects that clearly also drive private consumption, play a key role here.
Read article
Eine neue Städte-Ordnung für mehr wirtschaftliches Wachstum
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Diskurs kommunal 2006 – Der Stadt Bestes finden: Wer rettet unsere Städte jetzt?,
2006
Abstract
Der Beitrag geht am Beispiel von zwei ausgewählten Handlungsfeldern der Frage nach, wie städtische Strukturen beschaffen sein sollten, um die deutschen Städte für die Herausforderungen des zunehmenden internationalen Standortwettbewerbs fit zu machen. Für den Bereich der kommunalen Daseinsvorsorge wird u. a. eine explizite öffentliche Diskussion über die in einer Stadt jeweils gewünschten und erforderlichen Versorgungsstandards vorgeschlagen. Ein Verkauf der kommunalen Unternehmen an private Investoren würde hierdurch erleichtert werden; die Erlöse aus dem Verkauf sollten aber explizit für Zukunftsinvestitionen und nicht für das Stopfen von Haushaltslöchern verwendet werden. Für den Bereich der Stadt-Umland-Beziehungen wird darauf verwiesen, daß die Kernstädte durchaus Interesse an einer günstigen Entwicklung in ihrem Umland haben und diese auch fördern müßten. Umgekehrt könnten Veränderungen im kommunalen Finanzsystem dafür sorgen, daß die Finanzmittel aus finanzkräftigen Umlandgemeinden direkt der jeweiligen Kernstadt zugute kommen.
Read article
Entry and Strategic Information Display in Credit Markets
Jan Bouckaert, Hans Degryse
Economic Journal,
No. 513,
2006
Abstract
In many countries, lenders voluntarily provide information about their borrowers to private credit registries. A recent World Bank survey reveals that the display of a lender's own borrower information is often not reciprocated. That is, access to these registries does not require the prior provision of proprietary data. We argue that incumbent lenders release information about a portion of their profitable borrowers for strategic reasons. The reasoning is that the pool of unreleased borrowers becomes characterised by a severe adverse selection problem. This prevents the entrants from bidding for all the incumbent's profitable borrowers and reduces their scale of entry.
Read article
Does Transparency of Central Banks produce Multiple Equilibria on Currency Markets?
Axel Lindner
Scandinavian Journal of Economics,
No. 1,
2006
Abstract
A recent strand of literature shows that multiple equilibria in models of markets for pegged currencies vanish if there is slightly diverse information among traders; see Morris and Shin (2001). It is known that this approach works only if the common knowledge in the market is not too precise. This has led to the conclusion that central banks should try to avoid making their information common knowledge. We develop a model in which more transparency of the central bank implies better private information, because each trader utilises public information according to her own private information. Thus, transparency makes multiple equilibria less likely.
Read article
Perspectives for Russias economy lie in the strenthening of the reform agenda
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 4,
2006
Abstract
Rußland zählt zu den wenigen Ländern, die seit einer Reihe von Jahren ein kräftiges Wirtschaftswachstum verzeichnen. Dafür ausschlaggebend sind allerdings nach wie vor weniger die Wirtschaftsreformen im Land selbst als vor allem günstige außenwirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen, wie die Entwicklung der Nachfrage und der Preise für Öl und andere Rohstoffe auf den Weltmärkten. Seit einigen Jahren gehen auch von der Inlandsnachfrage kräftige Impulse für die Produktion aus: Der private Konsum und die Investitionen expandieren mit zweistelligen Zuwachsraten. Im Prognosezeitraum bleiben die wirtschaftlichen Aussichten insgesamt günstig. Die nach wie vor starke Abhängigkeit der russischen Wirtschaft vom Energiesektor stellt jedoch längerfristig ein Risiko für eine stabile Wirtschaftsentwicklung dar. Die Politik ist sich dessen inzwischen zwar bewußt, so hat Wirtschaftsminister Gref ein mittelfristiges Entwicklungsprogramm vorgelegt, um die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit anderer Wirtschaftszweige zu fördern und den Strukturwandel voranzutreiben. Allerdings läßt die nur zögerliche Umsetzung des Programms durch konkrete Maßnahmen bislang noch keine ernsthaften Anstrengungen in dieser Richtung erkennen.
Read article
Can Export Activities of Firms Contribute to the Catching-Up Process of Transitional Economies?
Brigitte Loose, Udo Ludwig
Can the transitional and development economies ever catch up? The Materials from The International Scientific Conference Cracow,
2006
Abstract
In contrast to the majority of the former centrally planned economies, the East German economy has suffered from enormous losses in the transformation process. In the study the question is analyzed whether exports can contribute to the catching-up process in transitional economies. Here it must be explained why the firms emerging out of the privatization process in economies in transition are successful if the export sector consists of small and medium sized enterprises. That is the case with East German manufacturing industry. The study is based on individual company data from the surveys of the East Germany's and North Rhine Westphalia's manufacturing industry between 1995 and 2001 stemming from official statistics.
Read article
The German acknowledgement and accreditation system facing new challenges
Ulrich Blum, Isabelle Jänchen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2006
Abstract
Die Konformitätsbewertung von Produkten und Leistungen, insbesondere die Zertifizierung bestimmter Qualitätseigenschaften, spielt in der modernen Wirtschaft zur Erzeugung von Markttransparenz, die der Wettbewerb allein nicht zu leisten vermag, eine große Rolle. Die Bundesregierung hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, das deutsche Akkreditierungs- und Konformitätsbewertungssystem zu reformieren und dabei insbesondere den Unterschied zwischen einem gesetzlich geregelten und einem nichtgeregelten, also weitgehend privat organisierten Bereich aufzugeben. Dies soll geschehen, um den Vorgaben des „new approach“, also der Begünstigung von privaten Aktivitäten im Rahmen der Liberalisierung unter dem Dach klarer Normvorgaben, wie die Europäische Kommission dies im Lissabon-Protokoll fordert, zu ermöglichen. Wird eine Zertifizierungsleistung wettbewerbsmäßig erbracht, so besteht die Gefahr einer Qualitätsverschlechterung, weil der Wettbewerbsdruck Preise erodiert und damit eine Leistungsanpassung nach unten erzwingt. Dieser „race to the bottom“ muß im Rahmen eines Akkreditierungs- und Konformitätsbewertungssystems auf privatwirtschaftlicher Basis verhindert werden. Aus diesem Grund müssen ökonomische Anreize gesetzt werden, die es erlauben, Qualität von Nichtqualität unterscheidbar zu machen. Der Artikel führt aus, wie die Rahmenbedingungen der Akkreditierung in Deutschland verändert und welche ökonomischen Anforderungen an das System gestellt werden. Dabei ist es erforderlich, den Konformitätsbewertungsstellen die Freiheit zu geben, sich strategisch so aufzustellen, daß sie die Reputation ihrer Leistung signalisieren können.
Read article
Neue Unternehmen sind Hoffnungsträger
Jürgen Schmude, Kerstin Wagner
External Publications,
2006
Abstract
The paper reveals firm birth rates and survivor rates at the level of German districts (Kreise). Rates vary both between regions and industries. For the business service and bank/insurance sector, firm formation rates are above-median of the private economy, while production industries show highest survivor rates.
Read article
Measuring the Efficiency of Regional Innovation Systems – An Empirical Assessment
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Freiberg Working Papers, Nr. 08-2006,
No. 8,
2006
Abstract
We measure the efficiency of regional innovation systems (RIS) in Germany by means of a knowledge production function. This function relates private sector Research and Development (R&D) in a region to the number of inventions that have been registered by residents of that region. Two approaches are followed. First, it is assumed that differences in the productivity of private sector R&D between regions affect the slope of the KPF, which represents the marginal productivity of R&D input. The second approach assesses regional differences within the framework of a stochastic frontier knowledge production function. This approach mainly reveals differences with regard to the intercept of the knowledge production function and, therefore, with regard to the average productivity. We compare the results of both approaches and discuss a number of critical issues such as the properties of the distribution of efficiencies, the appropriate size of RIS, and how to deal with the issue of spatial autocorrelation.
Read article
The coalition treaty from a fiscal point of view
Kristina vanDeuverden
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2005
Abstract
After weeks of negotiations the coalition finally agreed on the conditions for their political work. Not surprisingly, the coalition agreement is complex and intransparent – with a multitude of single measures far away from a precise definition. Quantifying the programme and estimating resulting cash flows is currently difficult; official calculations are – if at all – only partly available. Anyhow, the contract will form the basis for economic policy during the next four years; therefore its evaluation by now is indispensable. The thin red line of the agreement – not astonishingly when considering the precarious financial situation of the public sector – is consolidation. However, more than 80% of the consolidation volume results from the revenue side. Though one third of this is due to the cutback of tax exemptions, the lion’s share comes from raising tax rates, mainly the VAT standard rate. In contrast, cutting back public expenditure is minor and the agreement clearly comes short of the Koch/Steinbrück proposal; even new tax reliefs are created. The consolidation is almost completely borne by private households. Enterprises as a whole are barely hit. However, they have to wait until 2008 for a reform of company taxation – one of the most pressing problems in this legislative period. To reduce the companies tax burden until the reform starts the conditions for tax depreciation are temporarily relaxed. Anyway, from an international point of view the statutory tax rate is an important signal to enterprises deciding where to invest. Lowering effective tax rates by changing depreciation conditions is intransparent and, thus, will be less effective. Furthermore savings within the public sector are planned to accomplish consolidation; 10 billion Euro should result from efficiency gains and reduced expenditure. Consolidation measures mainly focus on the budget of the federal government. However, Länder and communities will participate in the additional tax revenues. In contrast, social securities will loose – and therefore also the share of employment that is subject to social insurance contribution. Particularly the unemployment insurance will be burdened by the decrease of its premium rate. Besides, the federal government will reduce its grants to the pension funds and most notably the health system. The contract is dominated by fiscal constraints. Cyclical requirements are considered only cursory and pressing structural reforms are put off. The reforms of company’s taxation, of fiscal federalism, of the health system as well as a proceeding reform of the labour market are only proposed. How and when measures in these fields are realised will determine whether fiscal policy can set a new course.
Read article