Die Entwicklung der Corporate Governance deutscher Banken seit 1950
R. H. Schmidt, Felix Noth
Bankhistorisches Archiv,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
The present paper gives an overview of the development of Corporate Governance of German banks since the 1950s. The focus will be on economic analysis. The most striking changes in Corporate Governance occurred with the ownership structure of commercial banks, in particular with the major joint-stock banks. In addition to that, the capital market has become a core element of Corporate Governance in all major German banks, which have replaced their prior concentration on the interests of a broadly defined circle of stakeholders by a one-sided concentration on shareholders’ interests. In contrast, with savings banks and cooperative cooperative banks, Corporate Governance has remained unchanged for the most part. Exceptions to this are the regional state banks: in their case, after they had turned away from traditional business models and in particular following the discontinuation of the guarantee obligation, the problems of their Corporate Governance, which were already discernible beforehand, became quite obvious. If you include the financial crisis, beginning in 2007, in the analysis, it becomes evident that it was precisely a Corporate Governance unilaterally geared to shareholders’ interest and the efficiency of the capital market that materially contributed to the evolution and widening of the crisis.
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Finance and Growth in a Bank-Based Economy: Is It Quantity or Quality that Matters?
Michael Koetter, Michael Wedow
Journal of International Money and Finance,
No. 8,
2010
Abstract
Most finance–growth studies approximate the size of financial systems rather than the quality of intermediation to explain economic growth differentials. Furthermore, the neglect of systematic differences in cross-country studies could drive the result that finance matters. We suggest a measure of bank’s intermediation quality using bank-specific efficiency estimates and focus on the regions of one economy only: Germany. This quality measure has a significantly positive effect on growth. This result is robust to the exclusion of banks operating in multiple regions, controlling for the proximity of financial markets, when distinguishing different banking sectors active in Germany, and when excluding the structurally weaker East from the sample.
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de-industrialisation and re-industrialisation. Is the East German industry a stability factor of regional economic development?
Gerhard Heimpold
Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung im Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (Hrsg.), 20 Jahre deutsche Einheit – Zwei Dekaden im Rückblick. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 10/11,
2010
Abstract
The contribution analyses the development of the manufacturing sector in East German regions after 1990. The focal question is whether the manufacturing sector has evolved as a factor which contributes to stabilization of regional economic development. Though until 2008 – when the economic recession began – the manufacturing sector evolved as an engine of growth , the intra-industry structure of the manufacturing sector reveals a number of shortcomings, especially below average proportions of technology-driven industries and high-grade service activities. Further structural change will be needed.
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Investment Grants: Which Requirements Should be Fulfilled?
Mirko Titze, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
Since the year 1969 the German government has applied investment grants to improve regional economic development of disadvantaged regions. The support of eligible firms shall enhance its investment activities. Such activities may force a sustainable development of the respective region. One requirement – amongst others – for the grant of this investment support scheme is the firm’s verification of supra-regional sales. The gains resulting from the firms’ export activities lead to additional income for that region, and this stimulates multiplicative (reinforcing) regional income processes. Since the German reunification this instrument has been applied in the new federal states, too. Due to the fact that structural deficits still exist in East Germany investment grants are adopted primarily in the new federal states. Today, some policy decision makers think that the catching-up process of disadvantaged regions is not fast enough. Against this background, the further application of investment grants is discussed controversially. Some criticism tends to the criterion of supra-regional sales. It has been argued that particularly small firms are excluded from this support scheme. However, small firms are considered as key players for regional economic activities. Moreover, firms which are highly integrated in international markets depend on world trade cycles and that might be risky for the respective region. Finally, critics believe that regional actors should be boosted in order to strengthen regional identities in terms of regional buyer-supplier-networks. This article shows that policy decision makers should maintain the criterion of supra-regional sales. Particularly, regions with a loss of inhabitants need gains from supra-regional sales to stabilise their local purchasing power. Otherwise, these regions are strongly dependent on transfer flows stemming from other regions. Beyond that, supra-regional sales indicate the firm’s international competitiveness. Finally, the most important argument for supra-regional sale might be linkages to supra-regional knowledge flows which strongly affect the region’s innovative capabilities.
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Economic Effects of Investment Grants for Water and Sewerage Infrastructure – The Case of Saxony
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
The article deals with the regional economic growth effects of the German “Joint Scheme” for the improvement of regional economic structures (“GA-Infra”). It focuses on water and sewerage projects located in the federal state of Saxony (Germany) during the funding period 2000-2007. Evaluating these projects is important for scientific as well as for economic policy reasons.
First of all, according to general economic theory, the potential direct and indirect supply-side effects of the water and sewerage infrastructure as well as the price effects caused by this infrastructure are relevant for location decisions only to certain branches of the manufacturing industry.
Subsidies for the development of the sewerage infrastructure have been granted mostly according to the growth target of regional policy, i.e. primarily to municipalities with above-average volumes of industry sewage. This finding could not be confirmed for water provision.
A regression analysis (estimating the labour demand of the local manufacturing industry) showed no empirical evidence for any relationship between the changes in labour demand and the amount of GA-Infra funded water and sewerage infrastructure investments. This might be a consequence of the already satisfactory development condition of the infrastructure in question at the beginning of the funding period (“ubiquitous infrastructure”).
According to a survey of local governments conducted by the IWH, these results might be explained by the fact that business customers did not benefit from price reductions despite the GA-Infra funding granted to their local water and sewage disposal providers. Even though there might be some intuitively plausible reasons (decreasing population, no connection fees) for these findings, no effect on firm location decisions can be expected under these circumstances.
All in all, we do not consider the further extension of these funding priorities to be necessary. Especially, the GA-Infra water/sewerage grants should neither be used to mitigate the cost effects of demographic changes or regulation nor to compensate for losses caused by the buyer power of large firms.
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20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Von der Transformation zur europäischen Integration - Tagungsband
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Der Band dokumentiert die zweitägige internationale Konferenz des IWH zum zwanzigsten Jahr der Deutschen Einheit, die am 11. und 12. März 2010 unter Mitwirkung namhafter Vertreter aus Wissenschaft und Politik mit rund 250 Teilnehmern in Halle stattfand.
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Lebenswelt im Umbruch: Strukturwandel und regionale Entwicklung
Alexander Kubis
D. Gregosz (Hrsg.), Wo steht Ostdeutschland in zehn Jahren? Zukunftsperspektiven der „Jungen Länder”,
2010
Abstract
Ostdeutsche Regionen befinden sich auch zwanzig Jahre nach der Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands in einem anhaltenden Prozess des Strukturwandels. Dieser Strukturwandel ist durch transformationsbedingte Besonderheiten gekennzeichnet. Zwar ist die Transformation im Sinne der Übernahme marktwirtschaftlicher Institutionen längst abgeschlossen. In der Post-Transformationsphase zeigen sich allerdings strukturelle Besonderheiten, die ihre Ursprünge teils in der Entwicklung im Osten Deutschlands in der zentralverwaltungswirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsperiode und teils in den Entwicklungsmustern nach dem Übergang zur Marktwirtschaft haben. Obwohl die neuen marktwirtschaftlichen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für alle Regionen in Ostdeutschland die gleichen sind, zeigen sich regionale Unterschiede beim wirtschaftlichen Erfolg, d. h. bei Wachstum und Wohlstand. Mit Rücksicht auf die räumliche Differenzierung liegt es nahe, nicht mehr nur pauschale Vergleiche der Wirtschaftskraft und der dahinter stehenden Faktoren zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland vorzunehmen, sondern die unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen innerhalb Ostdeutschlands, etwa in Mitteldeutschland, Berlin oder der Thüringer Städtekette mit zu berücksichtigen. Im Folgenden wird auf wichtige Aspekte der in der Post-Transformationsphase herausgebildeten Sektoral-, Funktional- und Unternehmensgrößenstrukturen sowie den regionalen Strukturwandel eingegangen. Im Anschluss wird der demographische Wandel thematisiert, der für die künftige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland eine zentrale Herausforderung darstellt.
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Regionale Migration in Abhängigkeit von Humankapital und sektoraler Struktur. Eine empirische Analyse am Beispiel von Deutschland und Polen
Alexander Kubis
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 2,
2010
Abstract
Die vorliegende Promotionsschrift von Dipl.-Volkswirt Alexander Kubis über deutsch-polnische Migrationsmuster und die Möglichkeiten, künftiges Wanderungsverhalten regional differenziert zu prognostizieren, ordnet sich in die Tradition der Arbeiten des IWH ein, die sich mit der Interdependenz transformationsökonomischer Entwicklungen und der europäischen Integration befassen. Die Verzahnung beider Aspekte ist bei Wanderungen besonders explizit, weil der Umbau von staatlich gelenkten Planwirtschaften zu Marktwirtschaften regional und sektoral mit unterdurchschnittlichen Geschwindigkeiten ablief, weshalb eine erhebliche Dynamik in den Veränderungen dessen, was man als Chancenverteilung im Raum bezeichnen möchte, konstatiert werden kann – und genau auf diese reagiert Migration. Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund ursprünglicher Zuwanderungsbeschränkungen und eines nunmehr tatsächlich vorhandenen, aber auch im Bewusstsein präsent werdenden erhöhten Fachkräftebedarfs gewinnt die Analyse regionaler und sektoraler Bestimmungsgründe der Migration eine herausragende Bedeutung.
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