Can Korea Learn from German Unification?
Ulrich Blum
IWH Discussion Papers,
No. 3,
2011
Abstract
We first analyze pre-unification similarities and differences between the two Germanys and the two Koreas in terms of demographic, social, political and economic status. An important issue is the degree of international openness. “Stone-age” type communism of North Korea and the seclusion of the population prevented inner-Korean contacts and contacts with rest of the world. This may create enormous adjustment costs if institutions, especially informal institutions, change. We go on by showing how transition and integration interact in a potential unification process based on the World Bank Revised Minimum Standard Model (RMSM) and on the Salter-Swan-Meade model. In doing so, we relate the macro and external impacts on an open economy to its macro-sectoral structural dynamics. The findings suggest that it is of utmost importance to relate microeconomic policies to the macroeconomic ties and side conditions for both parts of the country. Evidence from Germany suggests that the biggest general error in unification was neglecting these limits, especially limitations to policy instruments. Econometric analysis supports these findings. In the empirical part, we consider unification as an “investment” and track down the (by-and-large immediate to medium-term) costs and the (by-and-large long-term) benefits of retooling a retarded communist economy. We conclude that, from a South-Korean
perspective, the Korean unification will become relatively much more expensive than the German unification and, thus, not only economic, but to a much larger degree political considerations must include the tying of neighboring countries into the convergence process. We finally provide, 62 years after Germany’s division and 20 years after unification, an outlook on the strength of economic inertia in order to show that it may take much more than a generation to compensate the damage inflicted by the communist system.
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Die Entwicklung der Corporate Governance deutscher Banken seit 1950
R. H. Schmidt, Felix Noth
Bankhistorisches Archiv,
No. 2,
2011
Abstract
The present paper gives an overview of the development of Corporate Governance of German banks since the 1950s. The focus will be on economic analysis. The most striking changes in Corporate Governance occurred with the ownership structure of commercial banks, in particular with the major joint-stock banks. In addition to that, the capital market has become a core element of Corporate Governance in all major German banks, which have replaced their prior concentration on the interests of a broadly defined circle of stakeholders by a one-sided concentration on shareholders’ interests. In contrast, with savings banks and cooperative cooperative banks, Corporate Governance has remained unchanged for the most part. Exceptions to this are the regional state banks: in their case, after they had turned away from traditional business models and in particular following the discontinuation of the guarantee obligation, the problems of their Corporate Governance, which were already discernible beforehand, became quite obvious. If you include the financial crisis, beginning in 2007, in the analysis, it becomes evident that it was precisely a Corporate Governance unilaterally geared to shareholders’ interest and the efficiency of the capital market that materially contributed to the evolution and widening of the crisis.
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de-industrialisation and re-industrialisation. Is the East German industry a stability factor of regional economic development?
Gerhard Heimpold
Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung im Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (Hrsg.), 20 Jahre deutsche Einheit – Zwei Dekaden im Rückblick. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 10/11,
2010
Abstract
The contribution analyses the development of the manufacturing sector in East German regions after 1990. The focal question is whether the manufacturing sector has evolved as a factor which contributes to stabilization of regional economic development. Though until 2008 – when the economic recession began – the manufacturing sector evolved as an engine of growth , the intra-industry structure of the manufacturing sector reveals a number of shortcomings, especially below average proportions of technology-driven industries and high-grade service activities. Further structural change will be needed.
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Economic Effects of Investment Grants for Water and Sewerage Infrastructure – The Case of Saxony
Peter Haug
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 11,
2010
Abstract
The article deals with the regional economic growth effects of the German “Joint Scheme” for the improvement of regional economic structures (“GA-Infra”). It focuses on water and sewerage projects located in the federal state of Saxony (Germany) during the funding period 2000-2007. Evaluating these projects is important for scientific as well as for economic policy reasons.
First of all, according to general economic theory, the potential direct and indirect supply-side effects of the water and sewerage infrastructure as well as the price effects caused by this infrastructure are relevant for location decisions only to certain branches of the manufacturing industry.
Subsidies for the development of the sewerage infrastructure have been granted mostly according to the growth target of regional policy, i.e. primarily to municipalities with above-average volumes of industry sewage. This finding could not be confirmed for water provision.
A regression analysis (estimating the labour demand of the local manufacturing industry) showed no empirical evidence for any relationship between the changes in labour demand and the amount of GA-Infra funded water and sewerage infrastructure investments. This might be a consequence of the already satisfactory development condition of the infrastructure in question at the beginning of the funding period (“ubiquitous infrastructure”).
According to a survey of local governments conducted by the IWH, these results might be explained by the fact that business customers did not benefit from price reductions despite the GA-Infra funding granted to their local water and sewage disposal providers. Even though there might be some intuitively plausible reasons (decreasing population, no connection fees) for these findings, no effect on firm location decisions can be expected under these circumstances.
All in all, we do not consider the further extension of these funding priorities to be necessary. Especially, the GA-Infra water/sewerage grants should neither be used to mitigate the cost effects of demographic changes or regulation nor to compensate for losses caused by the buyer power of large firms.
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20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Von der Transformation zur europäischen Integration - Tagungsband
IWH-Sonderhefte,
No. 3,
2010
Abstract
Der Band dokumentiert die zweitägige internationale Konferenz des IWH zum zwanzigsten Jahr der Deutschen Einheit, die am 11. und 12. März 2010 unter Mitwirkung namhafter Vertreter aus Wissenschaft und Politik mit rund 250 Teilnehmern in Halle stattfand.
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Ausbau der kommunalen Tourismus-Infrastruktur in Sachsen: Positive Effekte in Urlaubsorten mit Tradition, Chancen für Newcomer sind begrenzt
Albrecht Kauffmann, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 10,
2010
Abstract
In vielen ostdeutschen Kommunen werden vor dem Hintergrund des Zusammenbruchs alter Industrien und der noch immer hohen Arbeitslosigkeit große Hoffnungen in die Möglichkeit gesetzt, den Tourismussektor als Motor für die lokale wirtschaftliche Entwicklung zu nutzen. Demgemäß wurden und werden von zahlreichen ostdeutschen Kommunen Investitionen in die Tourismus-Infrastruktur durchgeführt, um die Attraktivität der Orte für den Fremdenverkehr zu steigern und die Beschäftigung im Gastgewerbe zu erhöhen. Bund und Länder unterstützen diese kommunalen Investitionen nicht zuletzt über Zuschüsse für den Infrastrukturausbau im Rahmen der „Gemeinschaftsaufgabe zur Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“ („GA-Infra-Förderung“). Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel der GA-InfraFörderung in Sachsen die Frage, ob bislang wenig touristisch orientierte Kommunen eine Chance haben, sich mit Hilfe des Ausbaus ihrer Infrastruktur zu relevanten touristischen Destinationen zu entwickeln, oder ob die positiven Effekte von infrastrukturellen Maßnahmen vor allem an den „klassischen“ Tourismusorten anfallen.
Im Theorieteil des Beitrags werden die Faktoren herausgearbeitet, die für die erfolgreiche touristische Entwicklung einer Kommune von Bedeutung sind. Es wird gezeigt, dass hierbei Lokalisations- und Urbanisationseffekte und mithin lokale Pfadabhängigkeiten eine große Rolle spielen. Dies spricht dafür, dass sich die lokale Tourismuswirtschaft allein durch Investitionen in die Infrastruktur nicht positiv entwickeln kann. Diese Vermutung wird durch die empirischen Ergebnisse weitgehend bestätigt, die auf einer ökonometrischen Schätzung sowie ergänzenden Befragungen beruhen. Dabei erfolgt eine Differenzierung zwischen den sächsischen Kommunen gemäß ihrer bisherigen Nähe zum Tourismus. Es zeigt sich auch, dass „Newcomer“-Kommunen nur dann eine Chance haben, wenn sie in massivem Umfang größere Infrastrukturprojekte realisiert haben. Für die Förderpolitik des Staates gegenüber den Kommunen folgt daraus, die Mittel gemäß dem Motto „Stärken stärken“ zukünftig noch stärker räumlich zu konzentrieren – auf die traditionellen Destinationen oder auf besonders erfolgversprechende Großprojekte.
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Lebenswelt im Umbruch: Strukturwandel und regionale Entwicklung
Alexander Kubis
D. Gregosz (Hrsg.), Wo steht Ostdeutschland in zehn Jahren? Zukunftsperspektiven der „Jungen Länder”,
2010
Abstract
Ostdeutsche Regionen befinden sich auch zwanzig Jahre nach der Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands in einem anhaltenden Prozess des Strukturwandels. Dieser Strukturwandel ist durch transformationsbedingte Besonderheiten gekennzeichnet. Zwar ist die Transformation im Sinne der Übernahme marktwirtschaftlicher Institutionen längst abgeschlossen. In der Post-Transformationsphase zeigen sich allerdings strukturelle Besonderheiten, die ihre Ursprünge teils in der Entwicklung im Osten Deutschlands in der zentralverwaltungswirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsperiode und teils in den Entwicklungsmustern nach dem Übergang zur Marktwirtschaft haben. Obwohl die neuen marktwirtschaftlichen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen für alle Regionen in Ostdeutschland die gleichen sind, zeigen sich regionale Unterschiede beim wirtschaftlichen Erfolg, d. h. bei Wachstum und Wohlstand. Mit Rücksicht auf die räumliche Differenzierung liegt es nahe, nicht mehr nur pauschale Vergleiche der Wirtschaftskraft und der dahinter stehenden Faktoren zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland vorzunehmen, sondern die unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen innerhalb Ostdeutschlands, etwa in Mitteldeutschland, Berlin oder der Thüringer Städtekette mit zu berücksichtigen. Im Folgenden wird auf wichtige Aspekte der in der Post-Transformationsphase herausgebildeten Sektoral-, Funktional- und Unternehmensgrößenstrukturen sowie den regionalen Strukturwandel eingegangen. Im Anschluss wird der demographische Wandel thematisiert, der für die künftige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland eine zentrale Herausforderung darstellt.
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May Cities in De-Industrialized Regions Become Hot Spots for Attracting Cultural Businesses? The Case of Media Industry in Halle an der Saale (Germany)
Christoph Hornych, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
European Planning Studies,
2010
Abstract
Policy-makers from many regions where old industrial structures in the field of manufacturing have collapsed are trying to stimulate entrepreneurial activities of businesses in the cultural industry. The question is whether this strategy could be successful. This article examines the strategy of supporting the sector of media industry (“MI”) by policy-makers in the region of Halle in East Germany, where a strong de-industrialization has taken place after the German reunification. Stimulated by the policy-makers' support measures, there actually was a remarkable development of MI. However, the number of MI firms and their employees did not further increase in recent years, after having reached a certain level. This illustrates the limits of political measures for turning a city's path of industrial development voluntarily.
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Concerning the development of the debt level of the New Länder since the German unification
Sabine Freye
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit - Teil 2 -
2010
Abstract
During the 1990s, public indebtedness rose remarkably in all German political subdivisions. This development was particularly strong in the New Länder. At the beginning of the 1990s, they had low indebtedness rates. Today, 20 years later, the debt level of some New Länder lies over the average value of all Federal states. The background of this development is complex and depends also on the individual situation of each state. Generally, the rise of the debt level of the New Länder can be attributed to the 1990s’ estimation of a fast adjustment of the New Länder’s economic and financial power to that of the old Federal states. From today's point of view, this estimation was too optimistic. Furthermore, the New Länder have been affected differently by the transformation-conditioned structural change and the therefore arising difficulties with the necessary adjustment to the market.
In Saxony-Anhalt, which is characterised by the highest debt level of the New Länder, the collapse of the basic industry has led to high regional unemployment and to a substantial migration of the population. Still Saxony-Anhalt has countrywide the largest negative migration balance.
Regardless of these state-specific characteristics of the transformation process, there is a gradual change in the attitude towards existing debts and their handling, starting around the year 2000. So, the interest in budget consolidation increases constantly. This development was supported by the economic boom of the years 2006 and 2007. At present, the economic crisis puts the consolidation efforts of the states to the test.
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