Spatial Distribution of East German Innovative Competencies: Significant Increase in the Southwestern Hinterland of Berlin and in the Centres of Saxony and Thuringia
Peter Franz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Patent applications constitute an essential indicator for the extent of innovative activities in an economy or region. Due to the fact that innovative activities are in general spatially concentrated, policy makers perceive in this information starting points for a growth-oriented regional policy. Against this background, the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH) in 2004 had examined the spatial distribution of industries, firm networks and innovative competencies in the context of an area-wide study for East Germany. Newly available data for the patent statistics allow for an updating of these results regarding the innovative competencies for the time period from 2000 to 2005. In comparison to the time period between 1995 and 2000, an increase in innovative competencies becomes evident. This growth takes place almost exclusively in regions where innovative competencies are already domiciled. All in all, the growth dynamics of East Germany with regard to patent applications is slightly behind the West German one. The distribution of technological fields, to which the applied patents refer to, remained largely constant during the two observation periods. In the area of bio-technology, electrical engineering and of health care the standing of East Germany has further improved. With regard to political implications, the data should not be used for imposing technology specific support programs. Instead a tax relief for R&D independent of the used technologies seems to be more adequate.
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Business Cycle Update Summer 2007: German Upswing Still Healthy
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
In the summer of 2007, the economies of the European Union and Japan continue their upswing, while the USA is still suffering from economic weakness. The expansion of the East Asian economies remains highly dynamic. Compared to the beginning of the year, conditions at the global financial markets have deteriorated slightly: Long-term interest rates have risen considerably; with notably more than half of a percentage point the increase was especially pronounced in the Euro Area. Furthermore, markets have become increasingly volatile. The less favourable conditions at the global financial markets, among other reasons, will cause the upswing in the Euro Area and Japan to slightly slow down. While the USA will not enter a phase of stagnation, the economy will continue to expand at rates below its potential until 2008. In Germany, the economic recovery took a temporary break in the first half of 2007. While special circumstances (first, brought forward purchases in anticipation of the increase in the value added tax and second, the high construction activity because of the end of home owners subsidies) raised considerably economic activity towards the end of 2006, they caused a downturn in demand in the beginning of 2007. After this short dip, the upswing will recommence. Private consumption will be the main driving force, as incomes have increased considerably in the wake of the improved labour markets conditions. The upswing will continue next year, albeit at a slower pace. Higher interest rates, the appreciation of the Euro and the expected rise in labour costs will have some impact. Overall domestic demand will slow down, but only a little, as household consumption increases. GDP will expand by 2.6% and 2.5% in this and next year, respectively. The number of unemployed persons will decline below 3.5 million in 2008.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage im Juli 2007: Hochstimmung hält an
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands florieren die Geschäfte auch zu Beginn der zweiten Jahreshälfte. Darauf verweisen die Ergebnisse der IWH-Industrieumfrage vom Juli unter rund 300 Unternehmen. Der Saldo der Geschäftslage ist zwar seit der Maiumfrage um einen Punkt, der Saldo der Geschäftsaussichten um zwei Punkte zurückgegangen, doch insgesamt verbleibt die Einschätzung des Geschäftsklimas auf anhaltend hohem Niveau. Ein Blick auf die Wertungen aus den fachlichen Hauptgruppen zeigt, daß der leichte Rückgang hauptsächlich auf die Konsumgüterproduzenten und hier vor allem auf die Meldungen der Hersteller von Nahrungsgütern über ihre aktuelle Lage zurückzuführen ist.
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Ten years of entrepreneurship education in Germany: a positive interim result
Jutta Günther, Kerstin Wagner, Ilka Ritter
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Innovative business start-ups are an essential component and an expression of dynamic economic development. Nevertheless, start-ups do not emerge in a vacuum but require an appropriate institutional framework. Therefore, the topic of entrepreneurial education attracts gradually more interest of German universities since the 1990s. In 1997, the first professorship for this subject was announced and the number of respective chairs is rising ever since. The present article draws a balance by asking: To what extend and with which contents entrepreneurship education is currently offered at colleges and universities? What are the contents of teaching and what teaching manuals are dominant? To what extend are universities endowed with an infrastructure for commercializing knowledge complementary to their education? Are professorships and technology transfer centers of universities cooperatively aligned? These and further questions about the entrepreneurial education as part of academic technology transfer will be addressed in this article. Overall, a positive development regarding the range of teaching as well as the embedding in the overarching theme of technology transfer is recognizable. However, further efforts appear to be required, so that the in principle positive assessments can only form a first interim balance on the way towards “More enterprise start-ups out of university”.
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„Where Have All the Young Girls Gone …?” Regional Analysis of Young Women’s Migration Behavior
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
The study examines the patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women at the age between 18 and 30 years. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. The econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows emphasizes the importance of economic, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities. In addition, they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore, the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant pull factor regarding young female migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates an enduring effect on the regional balance of migration, which is especially true if the educational opportunities in the target region are associated with adequate career perspectives for highly qualified female graduates. In terms of recommendations for action, the study underlines the importance of policy measures improving the regional job and income opportunities. Secondly, the upgrading of fields of study mainly chosen by women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate female immigration. Moreover, the enhancement of the social infrastructure, which promotes a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving the region.
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Aktuelle Trends: IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland: Wirtschaftliche Dynamik verliert im Sommer an Schwung
Udo Ludwig, Franziska Exß
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
In den Monaten April bis Juni hat sich das Wachstum der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Aktivität in Ostdeutschland leicht beschleunigt. Zwar ist es nach der witterungsbedingt frühzeitigen Abarbeitung eines Großteils des Überhangs an Bauaufträgen aus dem vergangenen Jahr zu dem erwarteten Rückschlag im Baugewerbe gekommen, die Expansion der industriellen Produktion hat sich jedoch fortgesetzt. Die Hersteller von Investitionsgütern und von Konsumgütern setzten erneut mehr Güter im Inland und im Ausland ab als in den drei Monaten zuvor. Dagegen schwächelte der Absatz der in Ostdeutschland produzierten Vorleistungsgüter sowohl in Deutschland als auch außerhalb. Insgesamt legte die Industrieproduktion damit nicht mehr so kräftig zu wie zu Jahresbeginn. In den Alten Bundesländern stagnierte sie dagegen sogar. Der Handel hat seinen Tiefpunkt infolge des Kaufkraftentzugs durch die Anhebung der Mehrwertsteuer inzwischen erreicht. Der Umsatz im Einzelhandel stieg allerdings nur wenig, der im Großhandel setzte seine moderate Expansion fort. Zum Zuwachs der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Aktivität trugen auch das Verkehrs- und das Nachrichtengewerbe sowie die unternehmensnahen Dienstleistungsbereiche bei.
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Banking Regulation: Minimum Capital Requirements of Basel II Intensify Transmission from Currency Crises to Banking Crises
Tobias Knedlik, Johannes Ströbel
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Emerging market currency crises are often followed by banking crises. One reason for the transmission is the increased value of foreign debt measured in local currency. Equity capital is often insufficient to ensure liquidity. This problem is addressed by Basel II, in particular by its minimum capital requirements. In difference to the current regulation (Basel I), Basel II employs a differentiated risk weighing on base of credit ratings. This contribution calculates the hypothetic effects of the new regulation on minimum capital requirements for the example of the South Korea currency and banking crises of 1997. The results are compared to current regulation. It can be shown that minimum capital requirements in the case of Basel II would have been lower than in the case of Basel I. Additionally, minimum capital requirements would have increased dramatically. The transmission from currency to banking crises would not have been prevented, but would have been accelerated. Thereby, minimum capital requirements under Basel I have been relatively low because of South Korea’s OECD membership. It can therefore be concluded that in other emerging market economies, which are not OECD members, the ratio of minimum capital requirements of Basel II to the minimum capital requirements of Basel I prior the crises would have been even lower. Therefore, the new instrument of banking regulation would have intensified the transmission from currency to banking crises.
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Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 8,
2007
Abstract
Privatisierung und Marktöffnung galten gemeinhin als Erfolgsmodell für Wettbewerb, verbesserte Qualität und sinkende Preise bisher staatlicher Angebote. Der schlanke Staat wollte dem Bürger neue Freiräume zugestehen. Motivierte, nicht mehr gegängelte Mitarbeiter sollten Produktivitätsschübe auslösen und damit Subventionen überflüssig machen. Schon die Privatisierungsdesaster der englischen Eisenbahnen und der kalifornischen Elektrizitätswirtschaft ließen aufhorchen. Offensichtlich läßt sich der extrem intensive Wettbewerb, der beispielsweise bei der Heimelektronik ein permanentes Überangebot hochwertiger und preisgünstiger Waren erzeugt, nicht problemlos auf andere Sektoren übertragen.
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21.03.2018 • 5/2018
What is holding back the banking union?
The European Commission wants to better regulate and monitor the European banking sector. In many EU Member States, however, the necessary directives are being implemented extremely slowly. Surprisingly, the reasons for this do not lie in politics and banking structures, but in the institutional framework conditions and existing regulations in the Member States, as argued by Michael Koetter, Thomas Krause and Lena Tonzer from the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
Michael Koetter
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Aktuelle Trends: Soziale Grundsicherung real gesunken
Joachim Wilde, Gabriele Hardt
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 12,
2007
Abstract
Ein wesentliches Anliegen des Arbeitslosengelds II bzw. der vorherigen Sozialhilfe für Erwerbsfähige besteht in der Absicherung des soziokulturellen Existenzminimums für Personen, die wegen Arbeitslosigkeit oder eines zu geringen Einkommens ihren Lebensunterhalt nicht vollständig selbst bestreiten können. Dabei wurde der sogenannte Regelsatz, der diesen Lebensunterhalt bis auf die Warmmiete abdecken soll, seit 2003 praktisch nicht mehr angehoben. Eine Ausnahme bildet die Anhebung des Regelsatzes in Ostdeutschland auf das westdeutsche Niveau zum 01.07.2006.
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