A Minimum Wage of 7.50 Euro per Hour Does Particularly Affect Jobs in Business Related Services
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Birgit Schultz
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
In the present public debate on the implementation of a minimum wage, different proposals concerning its design and level are discussed. Often, a minimum wage of 7.50 euro per hour is mentioned. Thereby, it is widely unknown how many employees do earn less than 7.50 euro per hour in different branches. Their jobs could be affected by the introduction of a minimum wage. By means of data of the German Socio-Economic Panels Study, it can be shown that the shares of the low-income earners are considerably high in some branches. Especially in Eastern Germany, in branches like retail trades as well as business related services many employees earn less than 7.50 euro per hour. Wage increases on the demanded minimum level would probably cause employment losses in these labour-intensive branches.
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The European Emissions Trading System: What Have We Learned so Far?
Wilfried Ehrenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
The IWH occupies with the consequences of the emission trading for the effected companies. The first period of the European Emission Trading System was conceived as a learning phase during which two problems occurred: The first and most obvious one was the surplus of certificates. The incentives to invest in the mitigation of CO2 can therefore be considered to be low. The second problem resulted from the allocation which was entirely for free. While electricity customers had to bear the main financial burden, electricity producers profited as the certificate-prices were obviously added to the electricity-prices as opportunity costs. The analysis comes to the conclusion that it was right to shorten the amount of certificates on the EU-level for the second trade period and to establish the partly sales or auctioning of certificates in German legislation. Furthermore, the simplification of the allocation method in Germany can be considered to be a progress.
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IWH-Bauumfrage im Februar 2008: Geschäftsklima wieder freundlicher
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2008
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im ostdeutschen Baugewerbe hat sich nach der Eintrübung zum Jahresende wieder aufgehellt. Die knapp 300 vom IWH befragten Bauunternehmen schätzen die aktuelle Geschäftslage zwar nicht ganz so gut und die Geschäftsaussichten ähnlich gut ein wie vor einem Jahr. Damals waren sie aber infolge auslaufender Vorzieheffekte wegen der Anhebung der Mehrwertsteuer und des Wegfalls der Eigenheimzulage sowie gleichzeitig milden Winters deutlich überzeichnet. Im längerfristigen Vergleich erscheint das derzeitig gemeldete Niveau sowohl bei der Lage als auch bei den Aussichten in einem ausgesprochen günstigen Licht.
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The Stability of Bank Efficiency Rankings when Risk Preferences and Objectives are Different
Michael Koetter
European Journal of Finance,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
We analyze the stability of efficiency rankings of German universal banks between 1993 and 2004. First, we estimate traditional efficiency scores with stochastic cost and alternative profit frontier analysis. Then, we explicitly allow for different risk preferences and measure efficiency with a structural model based on utility maximization. Using the almost ideal demand system, we estimate input- and profit-demand functions to obtain proxies for expected return and risk. Efficiency is then measured in this risk-return space. Mean risk-return efficiency is somewhat higher than cost and considerably higher than profit efficiency (PE). More importantly, rank–order correlation between these measures are low or even negative. This suggests that best-practice institutes should not be identified on the basis of traditional efficiency measures alone. Apparently, low cost and/or PE may merely result from alternative yet efficiently chosen risk-return trade-offs.
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Urban Renewal in Saxony: A Need for a more Problem-orientated Allocation of Subsidies!
Claus Michelsen
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
Currently, the political discussion of urban renewal in East Germany focuses more and more on new strategies to solve the problems of urban decline and vacancies on the housing market. Since 2001, the demolition of housing has been subsidized with approximately one billion Euros. Critics of this strategy argue that the continuation of demolition leads to a fragmentation of cities and a loss of urban functions. Therefore, they suggest to focus more on revitalization of residential quarters and to allocate more subsidies to improve neighbourhoods as well as residential amenities to lower housing vacancies.
This article argues that on the one hand, the overall housing vacancy-rates cannot be lowered with the current instruments of urban revitalization. Even though, there is a chance to attract citizens from the periphery of cities. This means to redistribute housing vacancies instead of an overall reduction. On the other hand, this strategy needs to be clearly focused on selected cities in which a potential of immigration exists. However, empirical results from Saxony suggest a different picture: The allocation of subsidies for urban revitalization shows no identifiable pattern. Therefore, the author proposes to refocus the policy of urban redevelopment.
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IWH-Industrieumfrage im Januar 2008: Verhaltener Start ins neue Geschäftsjahr
Cornelia Lang
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe Ostdeutschlands schwächte sich zu Jahresbeginn 2008 leicht ab. Das geht aus den Ergebnissen der IWH-Industrieumfrage vom Januar unter rund 300 Unternehmen hervor. Im Vergleich zur Umfrage vom November 2007 sind im Aktiencrashmonat sowohl die Einschätzungen zur Geschäftslage als auch zu den Geschäftsaussichten verhaltener. Der Saldo der positiven und negativen Meldungen zur aktuellen Lage ging um vier Punkte zurück, der Saldo der Aussichten für die nächsten sechs Monate um drei Punkte.
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IWH-Bauumfrage in Ostdeutschland zum Jahresauftakt 2008: Nach kräftigem Beginn 2007 Abschwung der Bauaktivitäten
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2008
Abstract
Zu Beginn des Jahres 2007 waren die Bauaktivitä- ten zwar noch sehr rege, im späteren Verlauf haben sie sich jedoch deutlich abgeschwächt. Im Jahres- durchschnitt ergibt sich gegenüber 2006 aber im- mer noch ein Plus. Maßgeblich dafür waren der gewerbliche und öffentliche Bau, die von der kräfti- gen gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung profitierten. Dagegen hat der Wohnungsbau nach Auslaufen der Sondereffekte zur Mitnahme der Eigenheim- zulage und zur Umgehung der Mehrwertsteuer- erhöhung das Vorjahresergebnis verfehlt. Trotz einer alles in allem erhöhten Baunach- frage geriet die Bauproduktion im Jahresverlauf zunehmend unter Kostendruck: Die Energie- und Lohnkosten stiegen, und die im Verlauf abneh- mende Nachfrage verringerte die Preiserhöhungs- spielräume erheblich. Eine ungünstigere Ertrags- situation der Unternehmen war die Folge. Mit Blick auf das Jahr 2008 überwiegen die skeptischen Stimmen unter den vom IWH befragten Unternehmen. Die Mehrzahl geht von Rückgängen beim Umsatz wie bei der Beschäftigung aus. Das ist das Ergebnis der Bauumfrage zum Jahresende 2007.
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IWH-Bauumfrage im Dezember 2007: Geschäftsklima deutlich verschlechtert
Brigitte Loose
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Das Geschäftsklima im ostdeutschen Baugewerbe hat sich im Dezember deutlich verschlechtert. Sowohl die Geschäftslage als auch die Geschäftaussichten wurden von den knapp 300 befragten Bauunternehmen erheblich zurückhaltender beurteilt als noch vor einem Jahr. Für etwa ein Drittel der Unternehmen liefen die Baugeschäfte im Dezember „schlecht“ oder „eher schlecht“. Derartige Urteile gab im Vorjahreszeitraum nur etwa ein Fünftel der Unternehmen ab. Hinsichtlich der Geschäftsaussichten bis zum Frühsommer sind sogar drei von fünf Unternehmen skeptisch. Im Vorjahr betraf dies nur etwa die Hälfte. Die Eintrübung des Geschäftsklimas zieht sich durch alle Bausparten.
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East German Innovation System attractive for Foreign Investors
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in the catching-up process of East Germany due to direct employment- and demand related effects. However, this article takes a technological perspective on FDI in East Germany. It considers technological activities of foreign investors (R&D and innovation) and asks to what extent these are integrated into the East German innovation system. In other words, do foreign investors interact technologically with domestic enterprises and scientific institutions? So far, there seems to be a striking absence of empirical evidence on this issue. The basis for our analysis is recent data from a representative survey of foreign direct investors in East German manufacturing completed in 2007. The findings show that on average foreign investors are more R&D and innovation intensive compared to the total of East German manufacturing. In addition, their technological activities are by no means isolated from the East German innovation system. Foreign subsidiaries seem to benefit from East German customers, suppliers and especially scientific institutions with regard to locally conducted R&D and innovation. Contrary to existing assumptions the East German innovation system seems to be particularly attractive for the most technologically active foreign subsidiaries. This could constitute a major locational advantage for FDI in East Germany over Central and East Europe. However, the technologically active foreign investors believe that only East German suppliers are able to benefit from their technological cooperation. The same cannot be said about East German customers or competitors. Thus, the potential for technological externalities from FDI in East Germany seems still to be limited.
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Is a Centralisation of Local Governmental Structures an Appropriate Way to Ensure an Efficient Provision of Local Public Services? Findings from Case Studies in the State of Saxony-Anhalt
Gerhard Heimpold, Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
Choosing the appropriate organisational model for local government (i. e. centralised vs. federal model) forms an essential challenge for local communities. Against the background of Fiscal Federalism, a trade-off between the two models mentioned can be expected: Though the centralised model may bring up economies of scale and scope, the federal form of local government may have advantages, too, for instance regarding the extent of civil participation. The article has the intention to answer the question how the degree of centralisation/decentralisation of local governmental organisation affects the provision of services of public interest. The article is based on case studies conducted in ten municipalities located in the State of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The government of Saxony-Anhalt intends to implement a reform project targeted at the modernisation of local governmental organisation. The basic reform idea is to transform the local governmental structures from a situation (at the beginning of 2008) where a co-existence of centralised and federally organised municipalities is given towards a future situation where the centralised model should be dominating. In line with the expectation derived from theory, the empirical findings do not draw a picture, which is unequivocally in favour either of the centralised or of the federal model. However, the reform of modernisation of local governmental organisation should remain on the agenda, especially due to a shrinking population in the rural parts of Saxony-Anhalt. This could support the state government’s plans of a more centralized organisation of local government. But this would mean to give up the advantages of the existing federal model of local government. Therefore, in addition to the centralised model favoured by the state government, politicians in Saxony-Anhalt should look for the possibility of an alternative “third” model, which tries to combine the advantages of economies of scale with a greater degree of civil participation.
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