Globalisierung und Beschäftigung – eine Untersuchung mit der Input-Output-Methode.
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
IMK Studies Nr. 1/2008,
No. 1,
2008
Abstract
In the course of globalization imports play a more and more important role as inputs for national production. In the wake of this development, domestic products are substituted by imported goods and jobs are moved abroad. However, this enables domestic companies to become more competitive and to improve their position in national and international markets. Applying input-output techniques this paper shows that, although imports have risen considerably, the increase in domestic production induced by exports had an overall positive impact on the German economy. This holds not only for the trade balance of production sectors that are oriented to export activities, but for the trade balance as a whole. Overall, high export surpluses were accompanied by increases in value added. Furthermore, especially in the second half of the last decade employment benefited much; while the rising import of intermediate and finished goods has caused many job cuts, on balance the increase in employment in the wake of the strong export expansion has outdone the losses.
Even though many industrialized economies in Europe have made similar experiences, the impacts on job markets differed considerably. For example, while the strength of the increase in employment in the Netherlands was similarly to that in Germany, labour market improvements in France were much weaker, not least due to noticeably lower export surpluses.
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East German Economy: Demand Push Stronger than Structural Deficiencies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, growth of production was surprisingly strong in Eastern Germany. The structural deficiencies there would have suggested a slower pace. In particular, linkages with national and international business cycles have been underestimated. To a large part, the reason why output grew by 3 per cent did not come from Eastern Germany itself, but from the Old Länder and from abroad. In the New Länder, the strong upward swing in investment activity stimulated the economy. However, owing to a small increase in total income of private households, their purchasing power lagged behind.
The improved ability of East German firms to absorb cyclical impulses from exports and from Germany’s general investment activity proved to be a crucial factor. In particular, the endowment of workplaces with modern production facilities as well as the continued reduction in the disadvantages with respect to cost-competitiveness in the tradable goods sector were beneficial. The labour cost advantage compared to West German competitors increased further while the disadvantage compared to those from Central and Eastern Europe decreased.
Benefiting from these factors, economic activity in Eastern Germany will grow faster than in the Old Länder as long as the upswing in Germany and abroad remains strong. In 2007 and 2008, investments – especially in equipment – and exports will be the driving forces again. For exports, the strongly expanding markets in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Russia will gain in importance. As income and employment prospects improve, private consumption will support the growth in production. Registered unemployment should decrease below the 1-million threshold.
Manufacturing will remain the primary force of the upswing; its advantages in production costs will not vanish as long as, even in presence of scarcity of skilled labour, salaries and wages do not increase more than in Western Germany. In the wake of robust economic growth, the New Länder will make further progress in catching up with respect to production and income.
Companies will regain support from the banking industry. Yet, investment capital still stems from public funding programmes to a non-negligible extent. In the medium run, access to credit will ease as a result of further improvements in the firms’ net worth position. However, dependency on internal funds remains high and exposes companies to comparatively strong cyclical risks. In an economic downturn, the structural deficiencies of the East German economy will impair economic expansion.
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Russia: Importance of the Energy Sector for the Economic Growth Remains High
Martina Kämpfe
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 7,
2007
Abstract
In 2006, Russian economic growth was once more driven by surging private consumption and investment. Thanks to the high energy prices, the boom in export revenues continued. Enterprises had increased earnings from oil and other natural resources, and also the government budget had high surpluses. Both led to significantly faster growth of investments. Construction sector and industry benefited from rising investments, but domestic demand of investment and consumption also covered by increased imports. The importance of the energy sector for the economy remains high. But sustainable long-term growth will require even more investment as well as substantial improvements in economic restructuring.
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Africa – Commodity Dependence, Resource Curse and Export Diversification. African Development Perspectives Yearbook 2007, Vol. 12
Tobias Knedlik, Chicot Eboué, Achim Gutowski, Afeikhena Jerome, Touna Mama, Mareike Meyn, Karl Wohlmuth
,
2007
Abstract
This Volume 12 of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook deals - in the form of country cases and country units - with African countries' state of commodity dependence, their efforts for export diversification, and their vulnerability to crises and disasters. These problems are considered in the context of the continent's abundance of natural resources, especially the strategic oil resources. African countries' high dependency on a few primary export goods is one of the reasons for their vulnerability to conflicts. In this volume of the African Development Perspectives Yearbook, the focus is on the vulnerability of resource-rich, mainly oil-exporting, African countries. Strategies of export diversification, options how to overcome political instabilities that impede investment, and strategies how to work towards reconstruction and sustainable economic and political development are discussed by highlighting examples from various resource-rich countries. It is analysed how these countries can manage to escape from the primary commodities dilemma by pro-active economic policies and especially by solving political conflicts that have arisen from resource rent.
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Außenhandel als Wachstumsmotor für Ostdeutschland
Götz Zeddies, Renate Ohr
Wirtschaftsdienst,
No. 9,
2007
Abstract
Whereas in the first years after reunification, GDP growth in Eastern Germany was considerably higher than in the Western part of the country, the catching-up of the newly formed German states slowed down since the end of the 1990s. But this was primarily caused by the development of domestic demand, whilst exports grew considerably. By means of an empirical model, the article reveals future export potentials of the New Laender and arrives at the conclusion that international trade might continue to stimulate GDP growth in Eastern Germany.
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Globalisation and Euro Area Trade: Interactions and Challenges
Filippo di Mauro, Ursel Baumann
ECB Occasional Paper,
No. 55,
2007
Abstract
As a major player in world trade, the euro area is strongly influenced by globalisation, but is far from being a passive spectator. The paper analyses how the euro area's trade specialization has changed in response to stronger international competition and the emergence of new global players, evaluating results and possible challenges ahead. The message remains mixed. On the positive side, the export specialisation of the euro area is increasing in some medium-high or high-tech sectors where productivity growth is strong and demand robust, such as pharmaceuticals, also by a more intensive recourse to importing intermediate goods from low-cost countries. On the other hand, in comparison to other industrialised economies, the euro area has been somewhat slower in moving towards research-intensive goods and away from labour-intensive sectors. While this could reflect data classification issues, it may also be a sign of structural rigidities in the euro area, which hinder adjustment processes.
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Aktuelle Trends: IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland: Wachstumspause zum Jahresauftakt
Udo Ludwig
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
Nach einer neuen Schätzung des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle ist das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in den neuen Bundesländern im vergangenen Jahr um rund 3% gestiegen. Der Zuwachs ist größer als bislang von der amtlichen Statistik gemeldet worden ist, und er übertrifft alle Prognosen deutlich. Der vom Export und den Investitionen getriebene Aufschwung der deutschen Wirtschaft hat im vergangenen Jahr das Verarbeitende Gewerbe von der Ostsee bis zum Erzgebirge und den Thüringer Wald zu hohen Produktionsleistungen angespornt. Die industrielle Wertschöpfung erhöhte sich in den ostdeutschen Flächenländern erneut etwa doppelt so stark wie in den alten Bundesländern. Ihr Zuwachs fiel diesmal mit knapp 12% sehr hoch aus. Dies war der Hauptgrund für das kräftige Wachstum der Produktion insgesamt. Hinzu kam die ausgebliebene Bremswirkung vom Bau.
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FDI versus exports: Evidence from German banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
Journal of Banking and Finance,
No. 3,
2007
Abstract
We use a new bank-level dataset to study the FDI-versus-exports decision for German banks. We extend the literature on multinational firms in two directions. First, we simultaneously study FDI and the export of cross-border financial services. Second, we test recent theories on multinational firms which show the importance of firm heterogeneity [Helpman, E., Melitz, M.J., Yeaple, S.R., 2004. Export versus FDI. American Economic Review 94 (1), 300–316]. Our results show that FDI and cross-border services are complements rather than substitutes. Heterogeneity of banks has a significant impact on the internationalization decision. More profitable and larger banks are more likely to expand internationally than smaller banks. They have more extensive foreign activities, and they are more likely to engage in FDI in addition to cross-border financial services.
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08.03.2007 • 11/2007
IWH-Konjunkturbarometer Ostdeutschland: Wachstumspause zum Jahresauftakt
Nach einer neuen Schätzung des Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle ist das Bruttoinlandsprodukt in den neuen Bundesländern im vergangenen Jahr um rund 3% gestiegen. Der Zuwachs ist größer als bislang von der amtlichen Statistik gemeldet worden ist, und er übertrifft alle Prognosen deutlich. Der vom Export und den Investitionen getriebene Aufschwung der deutschen Wirtschaft hat im vergangenen Jahr das Verarbeitende Gewerbe von der Ostsee bis zum Erzgebirge und den Thüringer Wald zu hohen Produktionsleistungen angespornt. Die industrielle Wertschöpfung erhöhte sich in den ostdeutschen Flächenländern erneut etwa doppelt so stark wie in den alten Bundesländern. Ihr Zuwachs fiel diesmal mit knapp 12% sehr hoch aus. Dies war der Hauptgrund für das kräftige Wachstum der Produktion insgesamt.
Considerable Export Potentials in Eastern Germany
Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
No. 2,
2007
Abstract
For a long time, the Federal Republic of Germany is one of the countries with the highest export performance in the world. But a closer examination of East- and West-Germany reveals substantial regional differences. The collabse of the markets in the eastern European countries, which were the main trading partners of GDR, after the breakdown of communism caused a sustainable decline of East-German exports. Nevertheless it was expected that the economic recovery in the former communist countries and the access to new export markets in the western world would cause an upward movement of East-German Trade. Although during the last years East-German exports grew faster than those of Western Germany, the east German share in Germanys total exports is still comparatively low. On the basis of a gravity-model of trade, bilateral export potencials are empirically analysed. This is done for the Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, and seperately forEast and West-Germany. Afterwards, the calculated export potencials are compared with actual exports. The results show that Germany as a whole exceeds its export potencial against the majority of its main trading partners. The differentiated analysis for East and West-Germany supports the hypothesis that Germanys high export performance stems from the western part of the country, whereas the eastern part exploits its export potencial with Germanys main trading partners only to the half. The unexploited export potencials as well as the higher concentration on the fast-growing central and eastern European markets imply considerable potencials for East-German exports to grow in the future.
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