Monetary Policy and Financial (In)stability: An Integrated Micro–Macro Approach
Ferre De Graeve, Thomas Kick, Michael Koetter
Journal of Financial Stability,
Nr. 3,
2008
Abstract
Evidence on central banks’ twin objective, monetary and financial stability, is scarce. We suggest an integrated micro–macro approach with two core virtues. First, we measure financial stability directly at the bank level as the probability of distress. Second, we integrate a microeconomic hazard model for bank distress and a standard macroeconomic model. The advantage of this approach is to incorporate micro information, to allow for non-linearities and to permit general feedback effects between financial distress and the real economy. We base the analysis on German bank and macro data between 1995 and 2004. Our results confirm the existence of a trade-off between monetary and financial stability. An unexpected tightening of monetary policy increases the probability of distress. This effect disappears when neglecting microeffects and non-linearities, underlining their importance. Distress responses are largest for small cooperative banks, weak distress events, and at times when capitalization is low. An important policy implication is that the separation of financial supervision and monetary policy requires close collaboration among members in the European System of Central Banks and national bank supervisors.
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Evaluating the German (New Keynesian) Phillips Curve
Rolf Scheufele
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 10,
2008
Abstract
This paper evaluates the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) and its hybrid
variant within a limited information framework for Germany. The main interest rests on the average frequency of price re-optimization of firms. We use the labor income share as the driving variable and consider a source of real rigidity by allowing for a fixed firm-specific capital stock. A GMM estimation strategy is employed as well as an identification robust method that is based upon the Anderson-Rubin statistic. We find out that the German Phillips Curve is purely forward looking. Moreover, our point estimates are consistent with the view that firms re-optimize prices every two to three quarters. While these estimates seem plausible from an economic point of view, the uncertainties around these estimates are very large and also consistent with perfect nominal price rigidity where firms never re-optimize prices. This analysis also offers some explanations why previous results for the German NKPC based on GMM differ considerably. First, standard GMM results are very sensitive to the way how orthogonality conditions are formulated. Additionally, model misspecifications may be left undetected by conventional J tests. Taken together, this analysis points out
the need for identification robust methods to get reliable estimates for the NKPC.
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Umsetzung des Hartz IV-Urteils zu weitergehenden Reformen nutzen
Joachim Wilde
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 8,
2008
Abstract
Ein wesentliches Ziel der Hartz IV-Reform bestand in der Gewährleistung der Betreuung der Empfänger von Arbeitslosengeld II „aus einer Hand“. Hierzu sah das Gesetz die Bildung von Arbeitsgemeischaften zwischen Arbeitsagenturen und Kommunen vor. Im Dezember 2007 urteilte jedoch das Bundesverfassungsgericht, dass der entsprechende Paragraph nicht verfassungskonform ist. Es ist deshalb eine Neuregelung erforderlich, um zu einer mit der Verfassung übereinstimmenden Zusammenarbeit zu kommen.
Erste Skizzen für eine Reform der Behördenstruktur wurden vorgelegt und werden in diesem Artikel ausgewertet. Dabei zeigt sich jedoch, dass sich diese Vorschläge darauf beschränken, die entstandenen juristischen Probleme zu lösen. Inzwischen zeichnet sich sogar ab, dass bei der Behördenstruktur alles beim Alten bleiben und stattdessen die Verfassung geändert werden soll. Weitergehende Reformansätze werden nicht verfolgt, obwohl die Empfängerzahlen nach wie vor hoch sind und die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz nur begrenzt gegeben ist.
Im Artikel wird deshalb ein anreizethisches Konzept vorgestellt, bei dem durch die Zuweisung moralischer Güter wie „Fairness“ und „offene Zuwendung zum Gegenüber“ an die ALG II-Empfänger Anreize zur Überwindung der Abhängigkeit von den Transfers geschaffen werden. Wesentlich ist dabei eine verlässliche Zuweisung dieser Güter ohne strategische Abwägung im Einzelfall. Ein erster empirischer Befund deutet die praktische Relevanz des Konzepts an. Es sollten daher Modellversuche durchgeführt werden, die eine systematische Evaluierung erlauben. Als positiver Nebeneffekt des neuen Konzepts ist eine Erhöhung der Akzeptanz des Systems zu erwarten.
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Neoclassical versus Keynesian approaches to Eastern German unemployment: a rejoinder to Merkl and Snower
Udo Ludwig, John B. Hall
Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,
Nr. 1,
2008
Abstract
This rejoinder contrasts a Keynesian approach for explaining unemployment in Germany’s eastern region with a neoclassical, market-failure approach advanced by Christian Merkl and Dennis Snower: A skewed distribution of headquarters favoring the western region, combined with insufficient levels of effictive demand for output – and subsequently for labor – are argued to be the key causes of persistent unemployment. Seven tables offer a comparative approach to output, investment, and labor demand in Germany’s eastern and western regions, noting the emergence and persistence of „involuntary“ unemployment appearing as a jobs‘ gap in the eastern region, especially for services.
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Specialization as Strategy for Business Incubators: An Assessment of the Central German Multimedia Center
Michael Schwartz, Christoph Hornych
Technovation,
Nr. 7,
2008
Abstract
Die wissenschaftliche Debatte um die Wirksamkeit von Technologie- und Gründerzentren (TGZ) beschränkt sich weitgehend auf Zentren, die für alle Branchen offen sind (diversifizierte TGZ). Obwohl das Konzept einer Spezialisierung von TGZ zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt, werden mögliche Vorteile dieser Strategie kaum thematisiert. In Deutschland können gegenwärtig rund 19% aller TGZ als spezialisiert bezeichnet werden und knapp ein Drittel aller seit 1999 neu eröffneten Zentren haben einen spezifischen Branchenfokus. Dieser Artikel widmet sich den theoretischen Vor- aber auch Nachteilen dieses Konzeptes und stellt diese, empirischen Beobachtungen eines auf die Medienbranche spezialisierten TGZ am Standort Halle (Saale) gegenüber. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Vorteile einer Spezialisierungsstrategie insbesondere in dem qualitativ hochwertigen Angebot an Räumen und Ausrüstungsgegenständen, in der verbesserten Beratungs- und Betreuungsqualität sowie in verbesserten Imageeffekten des Standortes zu suchen sind. Nachteile können vor allem im Hinblick auf die zentreninterne Vernetzung der Unternehmen untereinander sowie mit wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen identifiziert werden.
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Has the International Fragmentation of German Exports Passed its Peak?
Udo Ludwig, Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch
Intereconomics,
Nr. 3,
2008
Abstract
In der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre hat sich der Importgehalt der deutschen Exporte deutlich erhöht. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird zunächst die Frage untersucht, ob sich dieser Trend fortgesetzt hat. Zum zweiten wird analysiert, ob es sich bei den Importen um Güter handelt, die als Vorleistungsinputs in die Produktion der Exporte eingehen oder ob diese unmittelbar für die Wiederausfuhr bestimmt sind. Schließlich wird die Frage nach der Singularität gestellt: Ist allein Deutschland unter den industriell entwickelten Ländern Westeuropas von dieser Entwicklung betroffen oder sind es auch andere Länder? Die Antworten werden mit dem Tabellenwerk und dem Standardmodell der offenen statischen Input-Output-Analyse begründet.
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The Stability of Bank Efficiency Rankings when Risk Preferences and Objectives are Different
Michael Koetter
European Journal of Finance,
Nr. 2,
2008
Abstract
We analyze the stability of efficiency rankings of German universal banks between 1993 and 2004. First, we estimate traditional efficiency scores with stochastic cost and alternative profit frontier analysis. Then, we explicitly allow for different risk preferences and measure efficiency with a structural model based on utility maximization. Using the almost ideal demand system, we estimate input- and profit-demand functions to obtain proxies for expected return and risk. Efficiency is then measured in this risk-return space. Mean risk-return efficiency is somewhat higher than cost and considerably higher than profit efficiency (PE). More importantly, rank–order correlation between these measures are low or even negative. This suggests that best-practice institutes should not be identified on the basis of traditional efficiency measures alone. Apparently, low cost and/or PE may merely result from alternative yet efficiently chosen risk-return trade-offs.
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On the Economics of Ex-Post Transfers in a Federal State: A Mechanism Design Approach
Martin Altemeyer-Bartscher, T. Kuhn
WWDP, 95,
Nr. 95,
2008
Abstract
As a common feature in many federal states grants-in aid are payed to jurisdictions ex post, i.e. after local policy measures have chosen. We show that the central government cannot offer grants ex ante in a federal states with informational asymmetries as well as inter-temporal commitment problems. Local governments’ incentives to provide public goods are distorted if they rely on federal grants-in-aid offered ex post. Furthermore it becomes obvious that local governments are apt to substitute tax revenue for higher grants-in-aid if relevant local data are unobservable for the central government. To which extend ex post transfers mitigate local governments’ incentives crucially depends on the information structure predominant in the federation.
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Getting out of the Ivory Tower - New Perspectives on the Entrepreneurial University
Jutta Günther, Kerstin Wagner
Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship and Innovation,
Nr. 2,
2007
Abstract
Based on theoretical considerations about the “third mission” of universities and the discussion of the nature of different university-industry relations, we conclude that the entrepreneurial university is a manifold institution with direct ways to transfer technology from academia to industry as well as indirect connections to industry via entrepreneurship education and training. While existing literature usually deals with one or another linking mechanism separately, our central hypothesises is that direct and indirect mechanisms should be interrelated and mutually complementary. We emphasize the importance of a more holistic view and empirically investigate the scope and interrelatedness of entrepreneurship education and direct technology transfer mechanisms at German universities. We find a variety of activities in both fields and evidence for an identification of HEI with the mission of knowledge commercialisation. Furthermore, it shows that the HEIs’ technology transfer facilities and the entrepreneurship education providers co-operate in support of the creation of spin-offs and innovative start-ups.
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Determinants of Female Migration – The Case of German NUTS 3 Regions
Alexander Kubis, Lutz Schneider
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 12,
2007
Abstract
Our study examines the regional patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. An econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows gives evidence of the importance of labour market, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities, in addition they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant influence for young women’s migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates a long lasting effect on the regional migration balance, especially when the educational opportunities in the destination region are associated with adequate career perspectives for high qualified female graduates. In view of considerable losses due to migration, the study shows various options for action. An important course of action is to incorporate policy measures improving regional employment and income opportunities. Secondly, extending vocational and academic offers addressed to women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate women’s immigration. Moreover, enhancing the social infrastructure, which contributes to a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving a region.
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