The Relationship between Knowledge Intensity and Market Concentration in European Industries: An inverted U-Shape
Niels Krap, Johannes Stephan
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 3,
2008
Abstract
This paper is motivated by the European Union strategy to secure competitiveness for Europe in the globalising world by focussing on technological supremacy (the Lisbon - agenda). Parallel to that, the EU Commission is trying to take a more economic approach to competition policy in general and anti-trust policy in particular. Our analysis tries to establish the relationship between increasing knowledge intensity and the resulting market concentration: if the European Union economy is gradually shifting to a pattern of sectoral specialisation that features a bias on knowledge intensive sectors, then this may well have some influence on market concentration and competition policy would have to adjust not to counterfeit the Lisbon-agenda. Following a review of the available theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between knowledge intensity and market structure, we use a larger Eurostat database to test the shape of this relationship. Assuming a causality that runs from knowledge to concentration, we show that the relationship between knowledge intensity and market structures is in fact different for knowledge intensive industries and we establish a non-linear, inverted U-curve shape.
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Determinants of International Fragmentation of Production in the European Union
Götz Zeddies
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 15,
2007
Abstract
The last decades were characterized by large increases in world trade, not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to world GDP. This was in large parts caused by increasing exchanges of parts and components between countries as a consequence of international fragmentation of production. Apparently, greater competition especially from the Newly Industrializing and Post-Communist Economies prompted firms in ‘high-wage’ countries to exploit international factor price differences in order to increase their international competitiveness. However, theory predicts that, beside factor price differences, vertical disintegration of production should be driven by a multitude of additional factors. Against this background, the present paper reveals empirical evidence on parts and components trade as an indicator for international fragmentation of production in the European Union. On the basis of a panel data approach, the main explanatory factors for international fragmentation of production are determined. The results show that, although their influence can not be neglected, factor price differences are only one out of many causes for shifting production to or sourcing components from foreign countries.
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Länder-Rankings - Komplexitätsreduktion oder Zahlenalchemie
Ullrich Heilemann, Harald Lehmann, Joachim Ragnitz
Wirtschaftsdienst,
Nr. 7,
2007
Abstract
In den vergangenen Jahren sind eine Reihe internationaler Rankings zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Volkswirtschaften veröffentlicht worden, die laufend aktualisiert, aber auch modifiziert werden. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Kennzahlensysteme werden hierbei Indizes berechnet, die Aussagen über die aktuelle und künftige wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der betrachteten Länder liefern sollen. Dies entspringt dem Bedürfnis nach Reduktion hoch dimensionaler, komplexer Zusammenhänge auf einfache Positionsangaben. Am Beispiel der drei in Deutschland bekanntesten Rankings - des "Global Competitiveness Report" des Weltwirtschaftsforums (WEF), Genf, des "World Competitiveness Yearbook" des International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Lausanne, und des "Internationalen Standort-Ranking 2004" der Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh, - zeigt sich aber, daß solche Rankings in der konkreten Umsetzung aber auch in der Grundkonzeption erhebliche Defizite aufweisen. Im Artikel werden die Ergebnisse eines entsprechenden Gutachtens zur Beurteilung der Aussagekraft dieser Rankings vorgestellt und Einwände gegen das Gutachten seitens der Produzenten des "Internationalen Standort-Ranking 2004" entkräftet. Das Gutachten wurden im Auftrag des Bundesfinanzministeriums erstellt.
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Lower Firm-Specific Productivity Levels in East Germany and East European Industrial Branches: The Role of Managerial Factors
Johannes Stephan
Germany’s Economic Performance: From Unification to Euroization,
2007
Abstract
During the socialist era, companies in East Germany became much weaker than firms in West Germany in terms of technology and competitiveness. In large part, this may be rooted in the different incentive structures of the two systems: whereas in the West, the criterion for companies’ success was their ability to remain in business and generate income in a contestable market environment, firms in the East were required to fulfil a plan to which they were subjected without having their opinions considered.
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Internationale Rankings der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Volkswirtschaften: geringer diagnostischer und prognostischer Aussagehalt
Harald Lehmann
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 10,
2006
Abstract
Im Rahmen eines Gutachtens für das Bundesfinanzministerium wurde durch das IWH und Prof. Dr. U. Heilemann (Universität Leipzig) untersucht, welchen diagnostischen und prognostischen Aussagegehalt internationale Rankings zur Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Volkswirtschaften besitzen und welche Bedeutung ihnen damit als Instrument der Politikberatung zukommt. In den vergangenen Jahren sind eine Reihe dieser Länderranglisten veröffentlicht worden, die laufend aktualisiert, aber auch modifiziert werden. Auf der Grundlage umfangreicher Kennzahlensysteme werden hierbei Ranking-Indizes berechnet, die Aussagen über die aktuelle und künftige wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit der betrachteten Länder liefern sollen. Dies entspringt dem Bedürfnis nach Reduktion hoch dimensionaler, komplexer Zusammenhänge auf einfache Positionsangaben. Angesichts der zunehmenden Beachtung, die solche Berechnungen in der interessierten Öffentlichkeit und Politik erfahren, stellt sich die Frage nach der Bewertung dieser Ergebnisse, zumal sie gerade für Deutschland seit Jahren eine relative Verschlechterung anzeigen. Am Beispiel der drei in Deutschland bekanntesten Rankings – des „Global Competitiveness Report“ des Weltwirtschaftsforums (WEF), Genf, des „World Competitiveness Yearbook“ des International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Lausanne, und des „Internationalen Standort-Ranking 2004“ der Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh, – zeigt sich, daß solche Rankings in der konkreten Umsetzung aber auch in der Grundkonzeption erhebliche Defizite aufweisen. Sie beruhen allenfalls auf partiell plausiblen wirtschaftstheoretischen Überlegungen, was angesichts der diffusen Theorielage nicht überraschend ist, aber der beanspruchten Wissenschaftlichkeit entgegen steht. Zudem haben „ungeprüfte“ subjektive Einschätzungen – die im Rahmen von Befragungen ermittelt werden – in einigen Rankings großen Einfluß auf die Ergebnisse. Das Vorgehen bei der Kennzahlenaggregation wird nur unzureichend begründet und trägt neben der fehlenden Vergleichbarkeit vieler Angaben zu den Unterschieden in der Bewertung der Länder bei, wenn man die konkurrierenden Ansätze gegenüberstellt. Die größten Einwände aus der Beratungs- bzw. Handlungsperspektive ergeben sich aber aus zwei simplen Befunden der vorliegenden Untersuchung: die nur schwer überzeugend zu rechtfertigende ordinale Bewertung der Länder und die geringe prognostische Leistungsfähigkeit der untersuchten Rankings. Zwar ist ihnen eine gewisse Aufmerksamkeitsfunktion nicht abzusprechen, aus wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht ist ihr diagnostischer und therapeutischer Gehalt aber gering.
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Can EU Policy Intervention Help Productivity Catch-Up?
Johannes Stephan, P. Holmes, J. Lopez-Gonzales, C. Stolberg
Closing the EU East-West Productivity Gap - Foreign direct Investment, Competitiveness, and Public Policy,
2006
Abstract
"A product of the Framework V research project, this book addresses one of the key problems facing the EU today: Why is the ‘new’ EU so much poorer than the ‘old’, and how will EU enlargement help to solve the problem? Focusing on the productivity problems underlying the East-West gap, it looks in particular at the role that foreign investment and R&D can play in closing it. Against that background, the book assesses what role proactive development policy might play in attacking the roots of low social productivity. Concluding that there will be a clear-cut process of convergence between East and West, albeit an incomplete one, it finishes with an assessment of the patterns of competitiveness, East and West, that are likely to emerge from this process of incomplete convergence."
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Original Sin - Analysing Its Mechanics and a proposed Remedy in a Simple Macroeconomic Model
Axel Lindner
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 11,
2006
Abstract
This paper analyses the problem of “original sin“ (the fact that the currency of an emerging market economy usually cannot be used to borrow abroad) in a simple thirdgeneration model of currency crises. The approach differs from alternative frameworks by explicitly modeling the price setting behavior of firms if prices are sticky and the future exchange rate is uncertain. Monetary policy optimally trades off effects on price competitiveness and on debt burdens of firms. It is shown that the proposal by Eichengreen and Hausmann of creating an artificial basket currency as denominator of debt is attractive as a provision against contagion.
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Progress reports from the project "Productivity Gap"
Johannes Stephan
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
Nr. 3,
2004
Abstract
The project assesses the roles played by determinants of productivity gaps between Accession Countries in Central East Europe and the more advanced countries in Western Europe. The focus is on the respective weights of determinants and their influence on the potentials for future productivity catch-up.
The convenient feature about assessing productivity levels is that they inform us about the narrowing or divergence of income gaps, provide an indication of international competitiveness, and the sustainability of growth paths (technological development).
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A Study of the Competitiveness of Regions based on a Cluster Analysis: The Example of East Germany
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 179,
2003
Abstract
This paper examines whether some East German regions have already achieved the same economic capability as the regions in West Germany, so that they are on a competitive basis with the West German regions and are able to reach the same economic level in the long run. If this is not the case, it is important to know more about the reasons for the economic weakness of the East German regions twelve years after unification.
The study is based on a cluster analysis. Criteria for the cluster formation are several economic indicators, which provide information about the economic capability of regions. The choice of the indicators is based on a review of results of the theoretical and empirical literature on the new growth theory and new economic geography.
The results show that most of the East German regions have not yet reached the economic capability and competitiveness of their West German counterparts so that they - from the viewpoint of the new growth theory and the new economic geography - are not in the position to reach the same economic level. According to these theories economic disadvantages are most notably the consequences of less technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship and fewer business concentration. Under these points it is especially noteworthy that young well educated people leave these East German regions so that human capital might will turn into a bottle-neck in the near future. Only a few regions in East Germany - those with important agglomerations - are comparable to West German regions that are characterised by average capability and competitiveness, but not to those with above average economic capability and competitiveness. Even those more advanced East German regions still suffer from a slower technical progress.
There are important policy implications based on these results: regional policy in East Germany was not able to assist raising all regions to a sufficient level of competitiveness. It may be more effective to concentrate the regional policy efforts on a selection of important agglomerations. This has also strong implications for the EU regional policy assuming that the accession countries will have similar problems in catching up to the economic level of the EU as have the East German regions.
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Environmental policy under product differentiation and asymmetric costs - Does Leapfrogging occur and is it worth it?
Jacqueline Rothfels
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 124,
2000
Abstract
This paper studies the influence of environmental policies on environmental quality, domestic firms, and welfare. Point of departure is Porter’s hypothesis that unilateral environmental regulation may enhance the competitiveness of domestic firms. This hypothesis has recently received considerable support in theoretical analyses, especially if imperfectly competitive markets with strategic behavior on behalf of the agents are taken into account. Our work contributes to this literature by explicitely investigating the implications of asymmetric cost structures between a domestic and a foreign firm sector. We use a partial-equilibrium model of vertical product differentiation, where the consumption of a product causes environmental harm. Allowing for differentiated products, the domestic industry can either assume the market leader position or lag behind in terms of the environmental quality of the produced product. Assuming as a benchmark case that the domestic industry lags behind, we investigate the possibility of the government to induce leapfrogging of the domestic firm, i.e. a higher quality produced by the domestic firm after regulation than that of the competitor prior to regulation. It is shown that in the case of a cost advantage for the domestic firm in the production process the imposition of a binding minimum quality standard can serve as a tool to induce leapfrogging. In case of a cost disadvantage the same result can be achieved through an adequate subsidization of quality dependend production costs. Thus, careful regulation enables the domestic firm in both scenarios to better its competitive position against foreign competitors and to earn larger profits. Additionally, environmental quality and welfare can be enhanced.
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