Stock Market-Induced Currency Crises: A New Type of Twins
Stefan Eichler, Dominik Maltritz
Review of Development Economics,
Nr. 2,
2011
Abstract
This paper explores the link between currency crises and the stock market in emerging economies. By integrating foreign stock market investors in a currency crisis model, we reveal a new fundamental inconsistency as a potential crisis trigger: since emerging economies' stock markets often have high returns, whereas central bank reserves grow slowly or decline, the amount of reserves foreign investors can deplete when selling their stocks and repatriating the proceeds grows over time and is considerably higher than funds that have been invested in the stock market. Capital withdrawals of foreign stock market investors can trigger currency crises by depleting central bank reserves, particularly in successful countries with booming stock markets and large foreign investment.
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What Drives FDI in Central-eastern Europe? Evidence from the IWH-FDI-Micro Database
Andrea Gauselmann, Mark Knell, Johannes Stephan
Post-Communist Economies,
Nr. 3,
2011
Abstract
The focus of this paper is on the match between strategic motives of foreign investments into Central-Eastern Europe and locational advantages offered by these countries. Our analysis makes use of the IWH-FDI-Micro Database, a unique dataset that contains information from 2009 about the determinants of locational factors, technological activity of the subsidiaries, and the potentials for knowledge spillovers in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. The analysis suggests that investors in these countries are mainly interested in low (unit) labour costs coupled with a well-trained and educated workforce and an expanding market with the high growth rates in the purchasing power of potential buyers. It also suggests that the financial crisis reduced the attractiveness of the region as a source for localised knowledge and technology. There appears to be a match between investors’ expectations and the quantitative supply of unqualified labour, not however for the supply of medium qualified workers. But the analysis suggests that it is not technology-seeking investments that are particularly content with the capabilities of their host economies in terms of technological cooperation. Finally, technological cooperation within the local host economy is assessed more favourably with domestic firms than with local scientific institutions – an important message for domestic economic policy.
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Can Korea Learn from German Unification?
Ulrich Blum
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 3,
2011
Abstract
We first analyze pre-unification similarities and differences between the two Germanys and the two Koreas in terms of demographic, social, political and economic status. An important issue is the degree of international openness. “Stone-age” type communism of North Korea and the seclusion of the population prevented inner-Korean contacts and contacts with rest of the world. This may create enormous adjustment costs if institutions, especially informal institutions, change. We go on by showing how transition and integration interact in a potential unification process based on the World Bank Revised Minimum Standard Model (RMSM) and on the Salter-Swan-Meade model. In doing so, we relate the macro and external impacts on an open economy to its macro-sectoral structural dynamics. The findings suggest that it is of utmost importance to relate microeconomic policies to the macroeconomic ties and side conditions for both parts of the country. Evidence from Germany suggests that the biggest general error in unification was neglecting these limits, especially limitations to policy instruments. Econometric analysis supports these findings. In the empirical part, we consider unification as an “investment” and track down the (by-and-large immediate to medium-term) costs and the (by-and-large long-term) benefits of retooling a retarded communist economy. We conclude that, from a South-Korean
perspective, the Korean unification will become relatively much more expensive than the German unification and, thus, not only economic, but to a much larger degree political considerations must include the tying of neighboring countries into the convergence process. We finally provide, 62 years after Germany’s division and 20 years after unification, an outlook on the strength of economic inertia in order to show that it may take much more than a generation to compensate the damage inflicted by the communist system.
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FDI and the National Innovation System - Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Jutta Günther, Björn Jindra, Johannes Stephan
D. Dyker (ed.), Network Dynamics in Emerging Regions of Europe, Imperial College Press,
2010
Abstract
The paper investigates strategic motives, technological activities and determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness in post-transition economies (Eastern Germany and selected Central East European countries). The empirical study makes use of the IWH FDI micro database. Results of the descriptive analysis of investment motives show that market access dominates over efficiency seeking and other motives. The majority of investors are technologically active in the region as a whole, but countries differ in terms of performance. The probit model estimations show that firm specific characteristics, among them innovativeness and autonomy from parent company, are important determinants of foreign investment enterprises’ embeddedness.
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Margins of international banking: Is there a productivity pecking order in banking, too?
Claudia M. Buch
Bundesbank Discussion Paper 12/2009,
2009
Abstract
Modern trade theory emphasizes firm-level productivity differentials to explain
the cross-border activities of non-financial firms. This study tests whether a
productivity pecking order also determines international banking activities. Using
a novel dataset that contains all German banks’ international activities, we
estimate the ordered probability of a presence abroad (extensive margin) and the
volume of international assets (intensive margin). Methodologically, we enrich the
conventional Heckman selection model to account for the self-selection of banks
into different modes of foreign activities using an ordered probit. Four main
findings emerge. First, similar to results for non-financial firms, a productivity
pecking order drives bank internationalization. Second, only a few non-financial
firms engage in international trade, but many banks hold international assets, and
only a few large banks engage in foreign direct investment. Third, in addition to
productivity, risk factors matter for international banking. Fourth, gravity-type
variables have an important impact on international banking activities.
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Im Sog der Weltrezession: Gemeinschaftsdiagnose Frühjahr 2009
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
1. Sonderausgabe
2009
Abstract
Die Weltwirtschaft befindet sich im Frühjahr 2009 in der tiefsten Rezession seit der Großen Depression. Der Abschwung verschärfte sich im Herbst zu einem regelrechten Einbruch, der rasch nahezu alle Länder der Welt erfasste. Auch umfangreiche staatliche Programme zur Stützung des Finanzsektors und zur Belebung der Konjunktur konnten bislang das Vertrauen der Akteure in die zukünftige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung nicht wieder herstellen.
Eine Abkühlung der Weltkonjunktur hatte sich bereits im Verlauf des Jahres 2007 angedeutet. Zu Beginn des vergangenen Jahres war die konjunkturelle Schwäche noch weitgehend auf die USA beschränkt. Danach setzte auch in den übrigen Industrieländern ein Abschwung ein. Die dramatische Zuspitzung der Situation an den Finanzmärkten im September 2008, die in dem Zusammenbruch der Investmentbank Lehman Brothers kulminierte, löste dann einen schweren Einbruch der Produktion aus, der auch die Schwellenländer erfasste, die sich zuvor noch recht robust gezeigt hatten. Die Stärke des Abschwungs im Winterhalbjahr 2008/2009 erklärt sich so auch daraus, dass die Produktion nahezu überall auf der Welt gleichzeitig auf Talfahrt war. Unter den Industrieländern waren von dieser Entwicklung Japan und Deutschland, deren Wirtschaften eine hohe Exportabhängigkeit aufweisen, besonders stark betroffen.
Deutliche Hinweise auf ein Ende des Einbruchs sind bislang noch nicht erkennbar, auch wenn einige Indikatoren darauf hindeuten, dass Produktion und Nachfrage in den kommenden Monaten langsamer abnehmen werden. Nach Ansicht der Institute wird die Abwärtsbewegung wohl erst im Winterhalbjahr 2009/ 2010 auslaufen. Die sich anschließende konjunkturelle Belebung dürfte zunächst nur wenig Dynamik entfalten. Ein Kernproblem bleibt die anhaltende Verunsicherung an den Finanzmärkten, die vor allem auf Sorgen bezüglich der Solvenz einzelner Banken beruht und den Geldfluss zwischen den Wirtschaftsakteuren spürbar verlangsamt hat. In der Prognose ist unterstellt, dass die Situation an den Finanzmärkten vorerst labil bleibt, es aber nicht zu einer neuerlichen dramatischen Verschärfung der Lage kommt. In wichtigen Ländern kommt eine Depression am Immobilienmarkt hinzu, deren Ende noch nicht absehbar ist und die den Abschreibungsbedarf der Banken erhöht. Erfahrungsgemäß sind Rezessionen, die mit Immobilien- und Bankenkrisen einhergehen, tiefer und vor allem schwerer zu überwinden als Rezessionen, in denen solche Probleme nicht prominent sind.
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Spannungen im Euroraum unter dem Druck der Weltfinanzkrise
Diemo Dietrich, Axel Lindner
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Themenheft Weltfinanzkrise -
2009
Abstract
Die Weltfinanzkrise hat auf den Kapitalmärkten weltweit eine „Flucht in die Qualität“ ausgelöst: Die Anleger sind nur bereit, risikoreichere Vermögenstitel zu halten, wenn sie dafür mit erheblich gestiegenen Risikoprämien entschädigt werden. Davon sind Emittenten wie Banken und nicht finanzielle Unternehmen, aber auch Staaten, die in der Vergangenheit noch als besonders sicher galten, betroffen. Besonders ins Auge springt der Anstieg der Renditedifferenzen von Staatstiteln unterschiedlicher Mitgliedsstaaten des Euroraums. Dabei lassen sich vier Phasen unterscheiden: Seit dem Sommer 2007 nahmen die Risikoprämien bis zum Jahreswechsel 2007/08 nur wenig zu. Anschließend beschleunigte sich deren Ansteigen, bis nach der Rettung von Bear Stearns Ende März 2008 vorübergehend verhaltener Optimismus in Bezug auf die Schwere der Weltfinanzkrise aufkam. Ab Herbst 2008 und insbesondere seit dem Fall der Investmentbank Lehman Brothers zogen die Risikoprämien dann in zum Teil dramatischem Tempo wieder an. Besonders stark nahmen die Aufschläge für irische und griechische Staatsanleihen zu. Deren Renditen liegen, entgegen dem allgemeinen Trend, gegenwärtig höher als zu Beginn der Weltfinanzkrise im Sommer 2007.
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Stages of the 2007/2008 Global Financial Crisis: Is there a Wandering Asset Price Bubble?
Lucjan T. Orlowski
Economics E-Journal 43. Munich Personal RePEc Archive 2008,
2009
Abstract
This study identifies five distinctive stages of the current global financial crisis: the meltdown of the subprime mortgage market; spillovers into broader credit market; the liquidity crisis epitomized by the fallout of Northern Rock, Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers with counterparty risk effects on other financial institutions; the commodity price bubble, and the ultimate demise of investment banking in the U.S. The study argues that the severity of the crisis is influenced strongly by changeable allocations of global savings coupled with excessive credit creation, which lead to over-pricing of varied types of assets. The study calls such process a “wandering asset-price bubble“. Unstable allocations elevate market, credit, and liquidity risks. Monetary policy responses aimed at stabilizing financial markets are proposed.
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Bank Lending, Bank Capital Regulation and Efficiency of Corporate Foreign Investment
Diemo Dietrich, Achim Hauck
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 4,
2007
Abstract
In this paper we study interdependencies between corporate foreign investment and the capital structure of banks. By committing to invest predominantly at home, firms can reduce the credit default risk of their lending banks. Therefore, banks can refinance loans to a larger extent through deposits thereby reducing firms’ effective financing costs. Firms thus have an incentive to allocate resources inefficiently as they then save on financing costs. We argue that imposing minimum capital adequacy for banks can eliminate this incentive by putting a lower bound on financing costs. However, the Basel II framework is shown to miss this potential.
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Clustering or Competition? The Foreign Investment Behavior of German Banks
Claudia M. Buch, A. Lipponer
International Journal of Central Banking,
2006
Abstract
Banks often concentrate their foreign direct investment (FDI) in certain countries. This clustering of activities could reflect either the attractiveness of a particular country or agglomeration effects. To find out which of the two phenomena dominates, we need to control for country-specific factors. We use new bank-level data on German banks’ FDI for the 1996-2003 period.We test whether the presence of other banks has a positive impact on the entry of new banks. Once we control for the attractiveness of a country through fixed effects, the negative impact of competition dominates. Hence, pure clustering effects are rather unimportant.
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