Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?
Alexander Kubis, Mirko Titze, Joachim Ragnitz
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 8,
2007
Abstract
Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).
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The East German Cement Cartel: Cartel Efficiency and Policy after Economic Transformation
Ulrich Blum
Eastern Economic Review,
2007
Abstract
Im Jahr 2003 wurde von der deutschen Kartellbehörde ein Zementkartell aufgedeckt. Eines der Hauptzentren des Kartells war Ostdeutschland, wo das ostdeutsche Zementkombinat Anfang der 1990er Jahre von der Treuhand im Rahmen der Privatisierung der ehemals volkseigenen Betriebe an vier große Zementproduzenten verkauft wurden.
In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir die Behauptung der Kartellbehörde in Frage, dass durch das Kartell Überschussgewinne auf dem ostdeutschen Markt erziehlt wurden. Wir behaupten, dass die juristischen Anzeichen eines Kartells nicht zwangsläufig den wirtschaftlichen Hinweisen entsprechen. Zu diesem Zweck versuchen wir nachzuweisen, dass die Zementnachfrage regional begrenzt ist und nur in einem sehr kleinen Umfang von der Produktpalette abhängt. Wenn das Zementkartell einen Einfluss auf die Wirtschaft hatte, dann müsste sich seine Zerschlagung in der Veränderung der individuellen Nachfragefunktion der Unternehmen widerspiegeln. Allerdings konnten mit dem verwendeten ökonometrischen Modell keine strukturellen Nachfrageänderungen beobachtet werden. Dies kann unter anderem damit begründet werden, dass Billigimporte aus Polen und der Tschechei sowie mittelständische Unternehmen dafür gesorgt haben, dass das Zementkartell seine Wirkung nie voll entfalten konnte.
Der Aufsatz zeigt, dass selbst in etablierten Marktwirtschaften wie Westdeutschland die Schwierigkeit besteht, Wettbewerb in bestimmten Industriebereichen zu generieren und dass hierfür die Offenheit der Wirtschaft entscheidend ist.
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Universities and Innovation in Space
Michael Fritsch, Viktor Slavtchev
Industry and Innovation,
Nr. 2,
2007
Abstract
We investigate the role of universities as a knowledge source for regional innovation processes. The contribution of universities is tested on the level of German NUTS‐3 regions (Kreise) by using a variety of indicators. We find that the intensity and quality of the research conducted by the universities have a significant effect on regional innovative output while pure size is unimportant. Therefore, a policy that wants to promote regional innovation processes by building up universities should place substantial emphasis on the intensity and quality of the research conducted there. We also find the effects of universities to be concentrated in space. Obviously, the geographical proximity to particular knowledge sources is important for regional innovative activities.
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Interregional Support Policy for East German Regions
Martin T. W. Rosenfeld
German Annual of Spatial Research and Policy,
2006
Abstract
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Progressivity and flexibility in developing an effective competition regime: using experiences of Poland, Ukraine and South Africa for developing countries. Forschungsbericht innerhalb des EU-Projektes: Competition Policy Foundations for Trade Reform, Regulatory Reform, and Sustainable Development, 2005
Franz Kronthaler, Johannes Stephan
Einzelveröffentlichungen,
Nr. 5,
2005
Abstract
The paper discusses the role of the concept of special and differential treatment in the framework of regional trade agreements for the development of a competition regime. After a discussion of the main characteristics and possible shortfalls of those concepts, three case countries are assessed in terms of their experience with progressivity, flexibility, and technical and financial assistance: Poland was led to align its competition laws to match the model of the EU. The Ukraine opted voluntarily for the European model, this despite its intense integration mainly with Russia. South Africa, a developing country that emerged from a highly segregated social fabric and an economy dominated by large conglomerates with concentrated ownership. All three countries enacted (or comprehensively reformed) their competition laws in an attempt to face the challenges of economic integration and catch up development on the one hand and particular social problems on the other. Hence, their experience may be pivotal for a variety of different developing countries who are in negotiations to include competition issues in regional trade agreements. The results suggest that the design of such competition issues have to reflect country-particularities to achieve an efficient competition regime.
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The Impact of Technology and Regulation on the Geographical Scope of Banking
Hans Degryse, Steven Ongena
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
Nr. 4,
2004
Abstract
We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse the current state of the European banking sector. We discuss both theoretical contributions and empirical work and highlight open questions along the way. We draw three main lessons from the current theoretical and empirical literature: (i) bank lending to small businesses in Europe may be characterized both by (local) spatial pricing and resilient (regional and/or national) market segmentation; (ii) because of informational asymmetries in the retail market, bank mergers and acquisitions seem the optimal route of entering another market, long before cross-border servicing or direct entry are economically feasible; and (iii) current technological and regulatory developments may, to a large extent, remain impotent in further dismantling the various residual but mutually reinforcing frictions in the retail banking markets in Europe. We conclude the paper by offering pertinent policy recommendations based on these three lessons.
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The Contestable Markets Theory - Efficient Advice for Economic Policy
Christian Growitsch, Thomas Wein
Externe Publikationen,
2004
Abstract
During the nineties of the last century several formerly monopolistic markets (telecommunication, electricity, gas, and railway) have been deregulated in Germany based on European directives and theoretically inspired by the theory of contestable markets. The original contestable market theory implied three assumptions necessary to be satisfied to establish potential competition: Free market entry, market exit possible without any costs, and the price adjustment lag exceeding the entry lag. Our analysis shows that if the incumbent reduces its prices slowly (high adjustment lag) and the market entry can be performed quickly (low entry lag), a new competitor will be able to earn back sunk costs. Therefore it is not necessary that all three conditions be complied with for potential competition to exist. Applying this „revised“ contestable market theory to the deregulated sectors in Germany, natural monopolies can be identified in telecommunication sections local loops and local/regional connection networks, in the national electricity grid and the regional/local electricity distribution networks, in the national and regional/local gas transmission/distribution sections, and in the railroad network. These sections are not contestable due to sunk costs, expected high entry lags and a probably short price adjustment lag. They are identified as bottlenecks, which should be regulated. The function of system operators in energy and railroad are closely related to the non-contestable monopolistic networks.
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A Study of the Competitiveness of Regions based on a Cluster Analysis: The Example of East Germany
Franz Kronthaler
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 179,
2003
Abstract
This paper examines whether some East German regions have already achieved the same economic capability as the regions in West Germany, so that they are on a competitive basis with the West German regions and are able to reach the same economic level in the long run. If this is not the case, it is important to know more about the reasons for the economic weakness of the East German regions twelve years after unification.
The study is based on a cluster analysis. Criteria for the cluster formation are several economic indicators, which provide information about the economic capability of regions. The choice of the indicators is based on a review of results of the theoretical and empirical literature on the new growth theory and new economic geography.
The results show that most of the East German regions have not yet reached the economic capability and competitiveness of their West German counterparts so that they - from the viewpoint of the new growth theory and the new economic geography - are not in the position to reach the same economic level. According to these theories economic disadvantages are most notably the consequences of less technical progress, a lack of entrepreneurship and fewer business concentration. Under these points it is especially noteworthy that young well educated people leave these East German regions so that human capital might will turn into a bottle-neck in the near future. Only a few regions in East Germany - those with important agglomerations - are comparable to West German regions that are characterised by average capability and competitiveness, but not to those with above average economic capability and competitiveness. Even those more advanced East German regions still suffer from a slower technical progress.
There are important policy implications based on these results: regional policy in East Germany was not able to assist raising all regions to a sufficient level of competitiveness. It may be more effective to concentrate the regional policy efforts on a selection of important agglomerations. This has also strong implications for the EU regional policy assuming that the accession countries will have similar problems in catching up to the economic level of the EU as have the East German regions.
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Merger Control and Competition Policy in Central East Europe in view
Johannes Stephan
ICFAI Journal of International Business Law,
2003
Abstract
Im Zuge der Beitrittsverfahren sind die EU Kandidatenländer gezwungen, das institutionelle Regelwerk der Union (den acquis communautaire) voll- ständig zu übernehmen. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Regelwerk, das in ausgereiften Marktwirtschaften gewachsen ist. Es stellt sich somit die Frage nach seiner Kompatibilität für die noch recht jungen Marktwirtschaften in Mittel- und Osteruropa mit ihrem deutlich niedrigeren Entwicklungsniveau. Potentielle Konfliktpunkte könnten insbesondere bei der Ausgestaltung und Durchsetzung der Wettbewerbspolitik erwartet werden: Viele (ehemalige) Staatsunternehmen im Restrukturierungsprozess sind bisher nicht wett- bewerbsfähig, staatliche Beihilfen und eine laxere Kontrolle von Marktmacht könnten Wettbewerbsverzerrungen im gemeinsamen europäischen Markt hervorrufen. Tatsächlich zeigt sich aber, dass die Kandidatenländer nicht nur bereits das vollständige diesbezügliche Regelwerk implementiert haben, auch zeigt die Analyse der behandelten Fälle, dass die Durchsetzung der Wettbewerbspolitik dort den strengen Vorgaben der EU entspricht: Der pragmatische Weg Ungarns greift lediglich dort in den Markt ein, wo regionale und soziale Ungleichgewichte zu korrigieren sind, Polen hält streng die vorgegebenen Regeln zur Verhinderung monopolistischer Marktmacht ein und hat fiskalische Kontrollmechanismen seiner staatlichen Beihilfepolitik installiert. Insgesamt scheinen die Kandidatenländer die Wettbewerbspolitik des europäischen Binnenmarktes also durchaus zu verkraften. Als problematisch erwies sich aber vor allem die Definition des relevanten Marktes für die besonders offenen Volkswirtschaften in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Eine mögliche Handlungsempfehlung bestünde in einer weniger regelgebundenen Behandlung der Wettbewerbspolitik, die proaktiv Fall für Fall gesondert betrachtet. Dieses Argument wird insofern weiter unterstützt, als sich die institutionelle Kooperation zwischen der EU Kommission und den Kandidatenländern erst im Aufbau befindet, die neuen Mitglieder sich also am unteren Ende der institutionellen Lernkurve befinden.
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Possibilities and limitations of intra-regional exchange rate policy in Southern Africa
Tobias Knedlik
Monitoring Regional Integration in Southern Africa Yearbook, Vol. 2,
2002
Abstract
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