Editorial
Ulrich Blum
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 7,
2010
Abstract
Am 1. Juli feierten wir 20 Jahre Wirtschafts-, Währungs- und Sozialunion. Sie war ein entscheidender Wegbereiter zur Einheit, die nur drei Monate später vollzogen wurde und damit die Freiheit in Ostdeutschland irreversibel machte. Sie war Folge des Crescendo „Wir sind das Volk“ über ein „Wir sind ein Volk“ zum „Kommt die D-Mark, bleiben wir, kommt sie nicht, geh’n wir zu ihr“.
Viel wird immer noch diskutiert über Alternativen. Artikel 23 des Grundgesetzes kannte nur eine ungeteilte Staatsbürgerschaft, das war eine „glaubhafte Drohung“ und engte den Handlungsspielraum ein, wollte man die kurze Zeit des weltpolitischen „window of opportunity“ nutzen. Die Eile bewirkte ökonomische Kollateralschäden, auf die die Ökonomenzunft und insbesondere der Sachverständigenrat oder die Bundesbank im Jahr 1990 hinwiesen. Hier wurde der Schaden einer fehlenden Vorbereitung deutlich. Gerade die klare Kenntnis der wirtschaftlichen Lage der DDR spätestens seit dem Strauß-Kredit von 1983 hätte im Westen eine politisch-strategische Vorbereitung zeitigen sollen.
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Going Public to Acquire? The Acquisition Motive in IPOs
Ugur Celikyurt, Merih Sevilir, Anil Shivdasani
Journal of Financial Economics,
Nr. 3,
2010
Abstract
Newly public firms make acquisitions at a torrid pace. Their large acquisition appetites reflect the concentration of initial public offerings (IPOs) in mergers and acquisitions-(M&A-) intensive industries, but acquisitions by IPO firms also outpace those by mature firms in the same industry. IPO firms' acquisition activity is fueled by the initial capital infusion at the IPO and through the creation of an acquisition currency used to raise capital for both cash- and stock-financed acquisitions along with debt issuance subsequent to the IPO. IPO firms play a bigger role in the M&A process by participating as acquirers than they do as takeover targets, and acquisitions are as important to their growth as research and development (R&D) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The pattern of acquisitions following an IPO shapes the evolution of ownership structure of newly public firms.
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Challenges for Future Regional Policy in East Germany. Does East Germany really show Characteristics of Mezzogiorno?
Mirko Titze
A. Kuklinski; E. Malak-Petlicka; P. Zuber (eds), Souther Italy – Eastern Germany – Eastern Poland. The Triple Mezzogiorno? Ministry of Regional Development,
2010
Abstract
Despite extensive government support the gap between East and West Germany has still not been successfully closed nearly 20 years post German unification. Hence, some economists tend to compare East Germany with Mezzogiorno – underdeveloped Southern Italy. East Germany is still subject to sever structural problems in comparison to West Germany: lower per capita income, lower productivity, higher unemployment rates, fewer firm headquarters and fewer innovation activities. There are East German regions with less than desirable rates of development. Nevertheless, the new federal states have shown some evidence of a convergence process. Some regions have developed very positively – they have improved their competitiveness and employment levels. As such, the comparison of East Germany with Mezzogiorno does not seem applicable today.
According to Neoclassical Growth Theory, regional policy is targeted enhancing investment (hereafter the notion ‘investment policy’ is used). has been the most important instrument in forcing the ‘reconstruction of the East’. Overall, the investment policy is seen as having been successful. It is not, however, the only factor influencing regional development – political policy makers noted in the mid 1990s that research and development (R&D) activities and regional concentrated production networks, amongst other factors, may also play a part. The investment policy instrument has therefore been adjusted. Nevertheless, it cannot be excluded that investment policy may fail in particular cases because it contains potentially conflicting targets. A ‘better road’ for future regional policy may lie in the support of regional production and innovation networks – the so-called industrial clusters. These clusters would need to be exactingly identified however to ensure effective and efficient cluster policies.
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Leistungsbilanzungleichgewichte in der EU – Eine Herausforderung für die europäische Fiskalpolitik?
Toralf Pusch
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
Nr. 5,
2010
Abstract
Hohe und anhaltende Leistungsbilanzdefizite und -überschüsse in einigen Ländern der Europäischen Währungsunion wie beispielsweise Spanien und Griechenland auf der einen Seite und Deutschland auf der anderen Seite haben in letzter Zeit Anlass für Diskussionen über die Nachhaltigkeit dieser Entwicklung und eventuell erforderliche Änderungen am institutionellen Rahmen der Fiskalpolitik in der Europäischen Währungsunion geboten. Den Hintergrund der Diskussion bildet die Theorie der optimalen Währungsräume, nach der fiskalpolitische Ausgleichssysteme zu einem besseren Zusammenhalt eines Währungsraums beitragen können. Nach einem Überblick über die Erklärungsfaktoren der divergenten Entwicklung der Leistungsbilanzsalden in der Europäischen Währungsunion werden in dem Beitrag verschiedene der in diesem Zusammenhang entwickelten Konzepte für fiskalpolitische Ausgleichsmechanismen einer kritischen Analyse dahingehend unterzogen, ob sie zur Verringerung des Problems überhöhter Leistungsbilanzdefizite oder -überschüsse beitragen können. Dies ist nur in begrenztem Umfang der Fall, vor allem weil die Vorschläge nicht zielgerichtet genug sind und teilweise problematische Anreizwirkungen entfalten. Wirtschaftspolitische Alternativen müssten symmetrisch wirken, d. h. bei Überschuss- und Defizitländern ansetzen, und gleichwohl einen effektiveren Umgang mit dem Problem erlauben als bisher.
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What Determines the Innovative Success of Subsidized Collaborative R&D Projects? – Project-Level Evidence from Germany –
Michael Schwartz, François Peglow, Michael Fritsch, Jutta Günther
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 7,
2010
publiziert in: Technovation
Abstract
Systemic innovation theory emphasizes that innovations are the result of an interdependent exchange process between different organizations. This is reflected in the current paradigm in European innovation policy, which aims at the support of collaborative R&D and innovation projects bringing together science and industry. Building on a large data set using project-level evidence on 406 subsidized R&D cooperation projects, the present paper provides detailed insights on the relationship between the innovative success of R&D cooperation projects and project characteristics. Patent applications and publications are used as measures for direct outcomes of R&D projects. We also differentiate between academic-industry projects and pure inter-firm projects. Main results of negative binomial regressions are that large-firm involvement is positively related to pa-tent applications, but not to publications. Conversely, university involvement has positive effects on project outcomes in terms of publications but not in terms of patent applications. In general, projects’ funding is an important predictor of innovative success of R&D cooperation projects. No significant results are found for spatial proximity among cooperation partners and for the engagement of an applied research institute. Results are discussed with respect to the design of R&D cooperation support schemes.
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Technology Clubs, R&D and Growth Patterns: Evidence from EU Manufacturing
Claire Economidou, J. W. B. Bos, Michael Koetter
European Economic Review,
Nr. 1,
2010
Abstract
This paper investigates the forces driving output change in a panel of EU manufacturing industries. A flexible modeling strategy is adopted that accounts for: (i) inefficient use of resources and (ii) differences in the production technology across industries. With our model we are able to identify technical, efficiency, and input growth for endogenously determined technology clubs. Technology club membership is modeled as a function of R&D intensity. This framework allows us to explore the components of output growth in each club, technology spillovers and catch-up issues across industries and countries.
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Market Concentration and Innovation in Transnational Corporations: Evidence from Foreign Affiliates in Central and Eastern Europe
Liviu Voinea, Johannes Stephan
Research on Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalization (Progress in International Business Research, Volume 4),
2009
Abstract
Purpose – The main research question of this contribution is whether local market concentration influences R&D and innovation activities of foreign affiliates of transnational companies.
Methodology/approach – We focus on transition economies and use discriminant function analysis to investigate differences in the innovation activity of foreign affiliates operating in concentrated markets, compared to firms operating in nonconcentrated markets. The database consists of the results of a questionnaire administered to a representative sample of foreign affiliates in a selection of five transition economies.
Findings – We find that foreign affiliates in more concentrated markets, when compared to foreign affiliates in less concentrated markets, export more to their own foreign investor's network, do more basic and applied research, use more of the existing technology already incorporated in the products of their own foreign investor's network, do less process innovation, and acquire less knowledge from abroad.
Research limitations/implications – The results may be specific to transition economies only.
Practical implications – The main implications of these results are that host country market concentration stimulates intranetwork knowledge diffusion (with a risk of transfer pricing), while more intense competition stimulates knowledge creation (at least as far as process innovation is concerned) and knowledge absorption from outside the affiliates' own network. Policy makers should focus their support policies on companies in more competitive sectors, as they are more likely to transfer new technologies.
Originality/value – It contributes to the literature on the relationship between market concentration and innovation, based on a unique survey database of foreign affiliates of transnational corporations operating in Eastern Europe.
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What Happened to the East German Housing Market? – A Historical Perspective on the Role of Public Funding –
Claus Michelsen, Dominik Weiß
IWH Discussion Papers,
Nr. 20,
2009
Abstract
The paper analyses the development of the East German housing market after the reunification of the former German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. We analyse the dynamics of the East German housing market within the framework of the well-known stock-flow model, proposed by DiPasquale and Wheaton. We show that the today observable disequilibrium to a large extend is caused by post-unification housing policy and its strong fiscal incentives to invest into the housing stock. Moreover, in line with the stylized empirical facts, we show that ‘hidden reserves’ of the housing market were reactivated since the economy of East Germany became market organized. Since initial undersupply was overcome faster than politicians expected, the implemented fiscal stimuli were too strong. In contrast to the widespread opinion that outward migration caused the observable vacancies, this paper shows that not weakness of demand but supply side policies caused the observable disequilibrium.
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Ostdeutsche Exportorientierung trotz Erschließung neuer Märkte immer noch gering
Götz Zeddies
Wirtschaft im Wandel,
20 Jahre Deutsche Einheit - Teil 1 -
2009
Abstract
Die Deutsche Einheit brachte für die Exportindustrie in den Neuen Bundesländern gravierende Anpassungsprozesse mit sich. So brach mit dem politischen Wandel in Osteuropa An-fang der 90er Jahre und der damit einhergehenden realwirtschaftlichen Transformation die Nachfrage der damaligen Hauptzielländer der ostdeutschen Ausfuhren zunächst schlag-artig ein. Zudem kam die D-Mark-Einführung in Ostdeutschland einer massiven Währungsaufwertung gleich, wodurch sich die preisliche Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der ostdeutschen Exportindustrie verschlechterte. Dennoch erschlossen die Exportgüterproduzenten rasch neue Märkte, insbesondere im westlichen Ausland, sodass sich der Außenhandel nach dem Auslaufen des Bau- und Investitionsbooms Mitte der 90er Jahre als Wachstumsmotor in den Neuen Ländern etablierte. Doch obwohl die Warenausfuhren der Neuen Bundesländer im Jahresdurchschnitt seither doppelt so stark zulegten wie die westdeutschen, ist die ostdeutsche Exportquote derzeit nur halb so hoch wie im Bundesdurchschnitt. Auch im Vergleich zu den osteuropäischen Transformationsländern ist die außenwirtschaftliche Verflechtung Ostdeutschlands vergleichsweise gering. Eine empirische Analyse zeigt, dass dies im Wesentlichen auf die kleinteilige Unternehmensstruktur sowie die geringe Bedeutung des traditionell exportstarken Verarbeitenden Gewerbes in Ostdeutschland zurückzuführen ist. Zudem ist zu berücksichtigen, dass die ostdeutschen Produzenten durch umfangreiche Lieferungen insbesondere von Vorleistungsgütern in die Alten Bundesländer in erheblichem Umfang an den westdeutschen Ausfuhren beteiligt sind.
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