Economic Growth: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Ufuk Akcigit
Journal of Political Economy,
Nr. 6,
2017
Abstract
“Is there some action a government of India could take that would lead the Indian economy to grow like Indonesia’s or Egypt’s? If so, what, exactly? If not, what is it about the ‘nature of India’ that makes it so? The consequences for human welfare involved in questions like these are simply staggering: Once one starts to think about them, it is hard to think about anything else. (Lucas 1988, 5)”
These words by the Nobel laureate Chicago economist Robert Lucas Jr. summarize why so many great scholars found it hard to “think about anything else” and spent their careers trying to understand the process of economic growth. Economies are complex systems resulting from the actions of many actors. This complexity makes it challenging, but also infinitely interesting, to understand the determinants of economic growth. What are the roles of human capital, fertility, ideas, basic science, and public policy for growth? These are just some of the important questions that were posed by many highly influential studies featured in the issues of the Journal of Political Economy over the years. Indeed, this journal has been the platform to diffuse many of the brilliant ideas and start important debates in the field of economic growth. In this short paper, my goal is to revisit some of those seminal papers, briefly describe some of the more recent contributions, and end with some thoughts about the future direction of the field. The reader should note in advance that the list of work covered here is by no means exhaustive and mostly targets work that has been featured in issues of the JPE.
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Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity
Ufuk Akcigit, John Grigsby, Tom Nicholas
American Economic Review,
Nr. 5,
2017
Abstract
We build on the analysis in Akcigit, Grigsby, and Nicholas (2017) by using US patent and census data to examine the relationship between immigration and innovation. We construct a measure of foreign born expertise and show that technology areas where immigrant inventors were prevalent between 1880 and 1940 experienced more patenting and citations between 1940 and 2000. The contribution of immigrant inventors to US innovation was substantial. We also show that immigrant inventors were more productive than native born inventors; however, they received significantly lower levels of labor income. The immigrant inventor wage-gap cannot be explained by differentials in productivity.
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Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations
Ufuk Akcigit, William R. Kerr
Journal of Political Economy,
Nr. 4,
2018
Abstract
We build a tractable growth model in which multiproduct incumbents invest in internal innovations to improve their existing products, while new entrants and incumbents invest in external innovations to acquire new product lines. External and internal innovations generate heterogeneous innovation qualities, and firm size affects innovation incentives. We analyze how different types of innovation contribute to economic growth and the role of the firm size distribution. Our model aligns with many observed empirical regularities, and we quantify our framework with Census Bureau and patent data for US firms. Internal innovation scales moderately faster with firm size than external innovation.
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On the Returns to Invention within Firms: Evidence from Finland
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Ari Hyytinen, Otto Toivanen
American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings,
2018
Abstract
In this paper we merge individual income data, firm-level data, patenting data, and IQ data in Finland over the period 1988–2012 to analyze the returns to invention for inventors and their coworkers or stakeholders within the same firm. We find that: (i) inventors collect only 8 percent of the total private return from invention; (ii) entrepreneurs get over 44 percent of the total gains; (iii) bluecollar workers get about 26 percent of the gains and the rest goes to white-collar workers. Moreover, entrepreneurs start with significant negative returns prior to the patent application, but their returns subsequently become highly positive.
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Innovation and Top Income Inequality
Philippe Aghion, Ufuk Akcigit, Antonin Bergeaud, Richard Blundell, David Hemous
Review of Economic Studies,
Nr. 1,
2019
Abstract
In this article, we use cross-state panel and cross-U.S. commuting-zone data to look at the relationship between innovation, top income inequality and social mobility. We find positive correlations between measures of innovation and top income inequality. We also show that the correlations between innovation and broad measures of inequality are not significant. Next, using instrumental variable analysis, we argue that these correlations at least partly reflect a causality from innovation to top income shares. Finally, we show that innovation, particularly by new entrants, is positively associated with social mobility, but less so in local areas with more intense lobbying activities.
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Industrielle Kerne in Ostdeutschland und ihre Interaktion mit dem regionalen Umfeld – vier Fallbeispiele
Gerhard Heimpold
List Forum für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik,
Nr. 2,
2019
Abstract
Der Beitrag hat die Entwicklung ausgewählter industrieller Kerne in Ostdeutschland seit 1990 zum Gegenstand. Bei den industriellen Kernen handelte es sich um ehemalige volkseigene Betriebe, die die Treuhandanstalt als sanierungsfähig ansah, für die sich jedoch kurzfristig keine Käufer fanden. Anhand von vier Fallbeispielen wird deren Entwicklung vor und nach der Privatisierung nachgezeichnet und dabei besonderer Wert auf die Wechselwirkungen mit dem regionalen Umfeld gelegt. Alle vier Kernunternehmen existieren fort und stellen marktgängige Produkte und Leistungen her. Die Intensität der Interaktion mit dem regionalen Umfeld fällt allerdings unterschiedlich aus. In allen vier untersuchten Kernen gab es Ausgründungen von Einheiten, die früher zu den Kombinaten gehörten. Neuansiedlungen gab es ebenfalls in allen Fällen. Teils wurden neue Investoren aufgrund eigener „strukturpolitischer“ Aktivitäten der Kern-Unternehmen attrahiert. Teils handelte es sich um Ko-Lokationen, die mit der Standortqualität des regionalen Umfelds zusammenhängen. Im Rahmen der Fallbeispiele waren offenbar positive Wirkungen des regionalen Umfelds bei jenen Kern-Unternehmen besonders günstig, die in urbanen Räumen gelegen sind.
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IWH-Flash-Indikator IV. Quartal 2019 und I. Quartal 2020
Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner, Birgit Schultz
IWH-Flash-Indikator,
Nr. 4,
2019
Abstract
Die Produktion in Deutschland hat nach einem Rückgang um 0,2% im zweiten Quartal 2019 im dritten Quartal zwar um 0,1% zugelegt, doch, damit bleibt die Expansionsrate weiterhin unter der Potenzialwachstumsrate zurück, und die Konjunktur dürfte nach Berechnungen des Leibniz-Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) auch in den nächsten beiden Quartalen schwach bleiben. Der IWH-Flash-Indikator, der exklusiv für die WirtschaftsWoche berechnet wird, deutet darauf hin, dass die Wirtschaft im vierten Quartal 2019 stagnieren und im ersten Quartal 2020 um lediglich 0,1% zulegen wird (vgl. Abbildung 1).
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Crises and Rescues: Liquidity Transmission Through Global Banks
Michael Koetter, Claudia M. Buch, C. T. Koch
International Journal of Central Banking,
Nr. 4,
2018
Abstract
This paper shows that global banks transmit liquidity shocks via their network of foreign affiliates. We use the (unexpected) access of German banks' affiliates located in the United States to the Federal Reserve's Term Auction Facility. We condition on the parent banks' U.S. dollar funding needs in order to examine how affiliates located outside the United States adjusted their balance sheets when the U.S. affiliate of the same parent tapped into TAF liquidity. Our research has three main findings. First, affiliates tied to parents with higher U.S. dollar funding needs expanded their foreign assets during periods of active TAF borrowing. Second, the overall effects are driven by affiliates located in financial centers. Third, U.S.- dollar-denominated lending particularly increased in response to the TAF program.
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Auswirkungen des gesetzlichen Mindestlohns im Handwerk in Sachsen-Anhalt
Hans-Ulrich Brautzsch, Birgit Schultz
Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik,
Nr. 2,
2018
Abstract
This paper examines the effects of the minimum wage introduction in Germany in 2015 on the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt.
Using novel survey data on the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt, we examine three questions: (1) How many employees are affected by the minimum wage introduction in the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt? (2) What are the effects of the minimum wage introduction? (3) How did firms react to wage increase?
We find that about 8 % of all employees in the skilled crafts sector in Saxony-Anhalt are directly affected by the minimum wage introduction. A difference-in-difference estimation reveals no significant employment effects of the minimum wage introduction. We test for alternative adjustment strategies and observe a significant increase of output prices.
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Central Bank Transparency and the Volatility of Exchange Rates
Stefan Eichler, Helge Littke
Journal of International Money and Finance,
2018
Abstract
We analyze the effect of monetary policy transparency on bilateral exchange rate volatility. We test the theoretical predictions of a stylized model using panel data for 62 currencies from 1998 to 2010. We find strong evidence that an increase in the availability of information about monetary policy objectives decreases exchange rate volatility. Using interaction models, we find that this effect is more pronounced for countries with a lower flexibility of goods prices, a lower level of central bank conservatism, and a higher interest rate sensitivity of money demand.
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