Innovation Cooperation in East and West Germany: A Study on the Regional and Technological Impact
Uwe Cantner, Alexander Giebler, Jutta Günther, Maria Kristalova, Andreas Meder
International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics,
3/4
2018
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the impact of regional and technological innovation systems on innovation cooperation. We develop an indicator applicable to regions, which demonstrates the relative regional impact on innovation cooperation. Applying this method to German patent data, we find that regional differences in the degree of innovation cooperation do not only depend on the technology structure of a region but also on specific regional effects. High-tech oriented regions, whether east or west, are not automatically highly cooperative regions. East German regions have experienced a dynamic development of innovation cooperation since re-unification in 1990. Their cooperation intensity remains higher than in West German regions.
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The Value of Smarter Teachers: International Evidence on Teacher Cognitive Skills and Student Performance
Eric A. Hanushek, Marc Piopiunik, Simon Wiederhold
Journal of Human Resources,
Nr. 4,
2019
Abstract
We construct country-level measures of teacher cognitive skills using unique assessment data for 31 countries. We find substantial differences in teacher cognitive skills across countries that are strongly related to student performance. Results are supported by fixed-effects estimation exploiting within-country between-subject variation in teacher skills. A series of robustness and placebo tests indicate a systematic influence of teacher skills as distinct from overall differences among countries in the level of cognitive skills. Moreover, observed country variations in teacher cognitive skills are significantly related to differences in women’s access to high-skill occupations outside teaching and to salary premiums for teachers.
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Do Smarter Teachers Make Smarter Students?
Eric A. Hanushek, Marc Piopiunik, Simon Wiederhold
Education Next,
Nr. 2,
2019
Abstract
Student achievement varies widely across developed countries, but the source of these differences is not well understood. One obvious candidate, and a major focus of research and policy discussions both in the United States and abroad, is teacher quality.
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International Emigrant Selection on Occupational Skills
Miguel Flores, Alexander Patt, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold
Journal of the European Economic Association,
Nr. 2,
2021
Abstract
We present the first evidence on the role of occupational choices and acquired skills for migrant selection. Combining novel data from a representative Mexican task survey with rich individual-level worker data, we find that Mexican migrants to the United States have higher manual skills and lower cognitive skills than nonmigrants. Results hold within narrowly defined region–industry–occupation cells and for all education levels. Consistent with a Roy/Borjas-type selection model, differential returns to occupational skills between the United States and Mexico explain the selection pattern. Occupational skills are more important to capture the economic motives for migration than previously used worker characteristics.
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Subventionswettbewerb: Subventionen für Halbleiter?
Reint E. Gropp
Wirtschaftsdienst,
Nr. 3,
2023
Abstract
Hochtechnologien gelten als die Branchen der Zukunft. Europa will hier nicht den Anschluss verlieren. Auch gegen Lieferengpässe und Produktionsengpässe durch gestörte Lieferketten will sich Europa besser wappnen. Mit dem „European Chips Act“ will die Europäische Kommission gemeinsam mit den Mitgliedstaaten mehr als 40 Mrd. Euro ausgeben, um die europäische Halbleiter-Produktion von gegenwärtig 10 % auf dann 20 % der globalen Produktion zu steigern. Halbleiter sind nicht nur in Gebrauchsgegenständen wie Handys, Laptops und Autos, sie sind auch unverzichtbar, wenn die grüne und digitale Wende gelingen soll. Photovoltaikanlagen, nachhaltige Produktion und E-Mobilität – all das braucht Computerchips. Der „European Chips Act“ ist daher die Antwort der EU auf den „Chips-Act“ der USA, der mehr als 50 Mrd. US-$ für Halbleiter vorsieht, um die Produktion zu sichern, zu modernisieren und auszubauen.
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Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict and Long-run Education and Income Inequality: Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adnan Efendic, Dejan Kovač, Jacob N. Shapiro
Abstract
This paper investigates the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration and individual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Croatia, the two former Yugoslav states most heavily impacted by the conflicts of the early 1990s, the paper focuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons, refugees, and those who did not move two decades after the conflicts. For BiH, the analysis leverages a municipality-representative survey (n = 6, 021) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as well as migration histories. For Croatia, outcomes are measured using an anonymized education registry that captured outcomes for over half a million individuals over time. This allows an assessment of convergence between different categories of migrants. In both countries, individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worse educational performance. External migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those who did not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for individuals who were forced to move. In Croatia, those who moved during the conflict have worse educational outcomes, but there is a steady convergence between refugees and non-migrants. This research suggests that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should be targeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.
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IWH-Flash-Indikator I. Quartal und II. Quartal 2023
Katja Heinisch, Oliver Holtemöller, Axel Lindner, Birgit Schultz
IWH-Flash-Indikator,
Nr. 1,
2023
Abstract
Im vierten Quartal 2022 ging die Wirtschaftsleistung in Deutschland um 0,2% zurück. Insbesondere die privaten Haushalte erfüllten sich aufgrund der hohen Inflation weniger Konsumwünsche als noch im Quartal zuvor. Die Unterstützung seitens des Staates bei den hohen Energiepreisen federn die gestiegenen Lebenshaltungskosten der privaten Haushalte nur teilweise ab. Diese Kaufkraftverluste werden die Konsumenten wohl noch einige Zeit belasten. Die Unternehmen wurden hingegen bereits von den gesunkenen Beschaffungskosten auf den Weltmärkten etwas entlastet, und auch die Lieferkettenprobleme gingen zuletzt zurück. Allerdings trüben zahlreiche Krisenherde weltweit die Aussichten der deutschen Wirtschaft erneut ein. Zwar kommt es laut IWH-Flash-Indikator im ersten Quartal 2023 zu einer kurzen vorübergehenden Aufhellung, und die deutsche Wirtschaft legt um 0,5% zu. Jedoch schon im zweiten Quartal dürfte sich der Abwärtstrend mit einem Rückgang des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) um 0,3% fortsetzen (vgl. Abbildung 1).
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Measuring the Impact of Household Innovation using Administrative Data
Javier Miranda, Nikolas Zolas
NBER Working Paper,
Nr. 25259,
2018
Abstract
We link USPTO patent data to U.S. Census Bureau administrative records on individuals and firms. The combined dataset provides us with a directory of patenting household inventors as well as a time-series directory of self-employed businesses tied to household innovations. We describe the characteristics of household inventors by race, age, gender and U.S. origin, as well as the types of patented innovations pursued by these inventors. Business data allows us to highlight how patents shape the early life-cycle dynamics of nonemployer businesses. We find household innovators are disproportionately U.S. born, white and their age distribution has thicker tails relative to business innovators. Data shows there is a deficit of female and black inventors. Household inventors tend to work in consumer product areas compared to traditional business patents. While patented household innovations do not have the same impact of business innovations their uniqueness and impact remains surprisingly high. Back of the envelope calculations suggest patented household innovations granted between 2000 and 2011 might generate $5.0B in revenue (2000 dollars).
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